Eb nabad ah, sawir, calaamad u ah. waxay noqon kartaa mid la eb nabad? Ma jiraa mustaqbalka ah la eb nabad?

Dhamaadkii dagaalkii labaad ee caalamiga ah ee magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, labada bamka nukliyarka ayaa hoos u dhacay. hub cusub ayaa joogay ugu dilaaga ah ee taariikhda aadanaha. The raadiyo tartanka hubka nuclear ka dhexeeya Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka ayaa ka sii cabsi beesha caalamka in ay factor ee nuclear. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka lagu daro madaxyada nukliyeerka, oo waxaa jiray eb nabadda. By weedh taas micnaheedu nukliyeerka.

Mabda'a hawlgalka ee NPP

Hawlgalka ayaa ficil kasta oo nuclear waa fission ee la eb ee. Si ay sabab, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la qabto duqeyn neutron of uranium-235 nuclei ah. The Qurub ugu yar kala qaybsan yihiin jajab, sidaas saara lacagta wayn ee gamma-rays iyo kulaylkii.

eb nabad sii joogi kartaa nabad ah oo kaliya gacanta adag, ayaa waajib ah, waayo, NPP ah. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in neutrons fission kaco in la abuuro dareen diidmo cusub silsilad. Xakamaynin koobi nuclei ah u keenaysaa in qarax. Mabda 'Tani caddeynayaa hawlgalka ee bambooyin qaaradda. Dhirta Power ay gacanta ku habka la mid ah, iyo tamarta xad-dhaaf ah waxaa si toos ah u galay channel ah waxtar u leh dadka.

Uranium-235

shidaalka Nuclear inta aan la isticmaalin waxaa la dhigayaa dhengedihii gaar ah. Waxaa lagu kaydiyaa foomka of kaabsal oo ah xabagta uranium sameeyey. Waxaa la fahamsan yahay in walax tani ma aha uniform. 3% ka mid ah kiniin oo kale waxaa ka mid ah uranium-235 (marka falcelinta u qaybsan yahay mid ka mid ah), iyo dhamaystirka sida 238 (isotope this aan la qaybsan).

Maxaa loogu baahan yahay xiriirka noocan oo kale ah? Si aad habka ay gacanta ku. Shaqaynta nuclear-fission bilaabataa cadaanyo. In koorsada of its horumarinta uranium-235 waa la dhimay. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay kordhisaa cadadka alaabta fission. Tani qashinka nukliyeerka. Waxay khatar halis ku ah deegaanka, oo sidaas daraaddeed, waa in la geeyaa si sax ah. waxay noqon kartaa mid la eb nabad? Sida ka technology ee ku qeexan arkay, kaliya marka si adag arkay xeerarka iyo wax soo saarka document.

muuqaalka DULUCDA

Nuclear (qaaradda) tamarta asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee qarnigii XX bartamihii. Tan iyo markaas, boqolaal ka mid ah dhirta nukliyeerka (oo hadda ka shaqeeya 442) waxaa la dhisay ee dunida. eb nabad siiyaan in ka badan nus ka mid ah tamarta loo baahan yahay in France, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden iyo South Korea. In galbeedka Europe, dhirta nukliyeerka dhalin ah oo ku saabsan saddex-meelood meel ka mid ah korontada.

Waxaa oo dhan waxay bilaabeen in 1939, markii fission uranium la ogaaday in Germany. cilmi-German waa mid aad u xiiso USSR. Seynisyahanno mar u caddaatay in kaliya habka furan oo kuu ogolaanaya in xaddi weyn ee tamarta. Haddii khubarada u suurtagashay in ay bartaan sida loo xakameeyo dareen diidmo adag, waxaa xal u lahaa wax badan oo dhibaato dhaqaale. cilmi-baarista ugu horreysa ee Soviet la xiriira la eb nabad, lagu qabtay RIAN (radium Institute of the Academy of Sciences) hoos imaanaya hoggaanka jirka ah qudbad Igor Kurchatov.

tartanka nuclear

shuqulkii saynisyahano Soviet caqabad la'aan juunyeerka USSR ee u gaarka ah ee uranium. Intaa waxaa dheer, in 1941, dagaalkii ka Great Patriotic iyo daahfurtay kacaan lahaa inay iska ilaawaan. Against asalka this, ajandaha waxaa dhexda ku, UK, USA iyo Germany. liddiga ah been in xaqiiqda ah in awoodda nuclear ayaa u soo muuqday oo labaduba ka mid ah mashruuca militarist. Dabcan, dalalka dagaalamay in meesha ugu horeysa ee isku dayaya in ay hesho hubka ugu awooda badan, ka dibna in ay ka fekeraan siyaabo nabad ah si ay u isticmaalaan daahfurtay in ay.

The nuclear-nuclear tijaabo ugu horeysay la bilaabay in Maraykanka ee December 1942. Hogaamiyaha Project waa cilmiga Talyaaniga Enrico Fermi. In USSR ah, nuclear ugu horeeyay ee u muuqday dabayaaqadii 1946 ee Institute of Atoomikada. Waqtigaa ku qaatay Maraykanka qarax ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. In Midowga Soofiyeeti abuuray qaraxa qaaradda ee 1949, iyo hydrogen - in 1953. Dagaalka u talin jiray, iyo aqoonyahanno ay bilaabeen in ay diyaariyaan nuclear-ka nuclear ay ku maamulaan dhaqaalaha qaranka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti.

NPP Construction

Warshad horeysay nuclear awooda in dunida la bilaabay xagaagii 1954 sano. Waxay ahayd Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, oo ku yaalla gobolka Kaluga. In Maraykanka yara daahay oo bilaabay in ay fuliyaan mashruuc qaaradda tamarta. In 1956, Mareykanka ayaa markii ugu horeysay ku guulaystay in uu isticmaalaya nuclear-ka si ay u helaan korontada. Tartiib tartiib, labada Kooxahan ku salaysan Quwadda Nuclearka cusub. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah ku garaacday awood rikoor kale.

peak ee horumarinta awoodda nuclear yimid qeybtii labaad ee 1960. Markaas, tirada mashaariicda dhismaha warshadda nukliyeerka bilaabay inuu hoos u. In Congress Maraykanka iyo beesha sayniska ayaa bilaabay dood ku saabsan arrimaha la xiriira ammaanka la eb nabad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by-soo-saarka korontada 1986 at dhirta nukliyeerka gaadhay sumadda 15% ka mid ah mugga soo saaray Quwadda caadiga ah.

Astaanta awoodda nuclear

In 1958 ee Brussels, taas oo marti Fair kale aduunka, furay Atomium ah. Kor fikradda design of naqshadeeyaha ugu Andre Vaterkeyner ah. Atomium muuqataa kordhay bir daaqaddii crystal sagaal atamka wada xiran. miisaanka Dhismayaasha - 2,400 tons, oo sarajooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 102 mitir. Visitors heli kartaa in lix ka mid ah sagaal dhexgalaan. Kuwaas waxaa lagu daydo atamka weyneeyey jeer boqol bilyan, ku xiran mid ka mid ah labaatan tuubooyinka kale 23 mitir. iyaga Inside waa wadiiqooyinka iyo escalators.

Photo of the "eb nabad", taas oo u muuqatay in Brussels, oo ku dhex jira xilligii nuclear ah, si dhakhso ah ugu fiday dunida oo, iyo Atomium calaamad u noqday tamarta nukliyeerka oo dhan iyo fikirka ah in ay daahfurtay sayniska kacaan waa in la isticmaalaa faa'iido u ah Dadka, dagaal iyo halligaad uma aha. soo jiidashada dalxiiska Belgian ku xusan sheeko ah by qorayaasha sheekooyin sayniska Soviet caanka Strugatsky walaalo "Monday bilaaban doona maalinta sabtida". Astaanta eb nabad u muuqataa on set ee sawirada, iyo sidoo kale on boodhadhka, Nagi tamarta nukliyeerka.

factor deegaanka

Dhibaatadu waxa ay ka mid ah dikhawga deegaanka by qashinka shucaaca ay sii deg deg ah sanad kasta. Tusaale ahaan, in casri ah la eb nabad Ruush hawlan shaqaalaha of 10 dhirta nukliyeerka. Dhammaan shirkadaha kuwaas oo u baahan fiiro gaar ah si ay hay'adaha deegaanka iyo dawladda.

In Midowga Yurub sannad kasta ururayaa 50 kun oo mitir oo saddex jibbaaran oo qashin nukliyar ah. Dhibaatada muhiimka ah been in xaqiiqda ah in qashinka sida ay weli halis u ah kumanaan sano (tusaale ahaan, muddo ah suuska of plutonium-239 waa 24,000 oo sano).

Asturidda qashinka

Maanta, waxaa jira dhowr fikradaha ku saabsan sida ugu fiican in laga takhaluso qashinka nukliyeerka. marka hore Fikradda waa in la abuuro repositories in ay yihiin on hoose ee badaha. Waa hab adag fuliyo. Weelasha waa in ay at qoto dheer badan, marka lagu daro, waxay dhaawici kartaa badda hadda.

Fikradda labaad waxaa loo arkaa inay NASA, kuwaas oo bixiya si ay u soo diri qashinka nukliyeerka meel. hab noocan oo kale ah waa mid ammaan u ah dhulka, laakiin waa ben la kharash-xad-dhaaf ah. Waxaa jira fikrado kale, si ay u dhoofiyaan qashinka in jasiiradaha Anfaco ama iyaga aasi in barafka ee Jacaylku. Laakiin ugu aqbali karo waxa hadda loo ikhtiyaarka dhismaha tuulmo in qaababka dhagaxa weyn dhulka hoostiisa. Studies la xiriira fikrad this, sii wadaan in la qabtay Germany iyo Switzerland.

cashar ee Chernobyl

Muddo dheer, awoodda nuclear waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay aqbalay. Waayo, tobanaan, eb ee nabad ku USSR iyo dalalka kale ee sii ballaarinta dhaqaale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1986 waxaa jiray musiibo ee Chernobyl, taasi oo ku qasabtay in dib looga fikiro Dadka ay ka aaminsan tahay dhirta nukliyeerka. Saldhiga, soo socota si ay Pripyat ah, qarax dhacay, cidhibta ah taas oo ahayd burburinta nuclear-ka iyo in la sii daayo deegaanka xaddi badan oo walxaha shucaaca halista ah.

The dhigyo Soviet caan ah "eb nabadeed ee guriga kasta" waxaa waxyeelleeyey. In ka yar bilood ee ugu horreysa 30 qof ayaa ku dhintay ka dib markii uu shilka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta dhabta ah ee cindiga ka dib ayaa sheegay in. In sano ee ku xiga, in ay u egtay of cudur daran dhintay daraasiin dad ah. Kumanaan ka mid ah muwaadiniinta Soviet ahaayeen aagga cudurka. qaybo badan oo Belarus, Ukraine iyo Russia ayaa noqotay haboonayn beeraha. Shilka ayaa ka dhacay warshad nukliyeerka ee Chernobyl keentay in dillaaco ee cabsi-cuqdadeedka bulshada ee la xiriira tamarta nukliyeerka. Ka dib markii masiibada, saldhigyada badan ayaa la xiray dunida oo dhan.

Inkastoo muddo 30-sano ah tallaabooyinka ammaanka ee shirkadaha, kuwaas oo la dareemi hagaagtay, aragti ahaan musiibo la mid ah Chernobyl mar kale dhici karto. Munaasabadan ayaa waxaa ka mid ah shilalka, ka hor iyo ka dib Chernobyl labadaba, 1957 - in Ingiriiska (Windscale), 1979 - ee Maraykanka (Three Mile Island), in 2011 - in Japan (Fukushima). Maanta, IAEA soo ururiyay warbixin ku saabsan in ka badan 1000 dhacdooyinka aan caadi ahayn ee saldhigyada. Sababaha shilalka: Baadi aadanaha (80%), oo inta badan ka yar - ayna duleella u design. At Fukushima ee dalka Japan, gurmadka degdegga ah ayaa ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay Gariir xoog badan iyo tsunami ku xiga.

Rajada of Power Nukliyeerka

Su'aasha ah in uu jiro mustaqbalka ah ee tamarta nukliyeerka si nabad ah, ka dhaqaale of view waa ay adag tahay iyo kiciyo khilaaf badan oo khubaro ah. Sabab u tahay tirada badan oo arrimo is khilaafsan ee ay mustaqbalka cadda iyo caddayn. Saadaasha Recent in soo bandhigtay Hay'adda Energy Caalamiga ah, isagoo sheegay in haddii sida ay imika sii share ee korontada soo saaray Quwadda Nuclearka, ku dhici doonaan in 2030-ka 15% ilaa 9%.

Ilaa dhawaan, nukliyeerka waa in dalabka ay ka mid yihiin sabab u tahay qiimaha saliidda sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 2014 ay soo maratay dhacay. Sidaas darteed, waxaa jira duwan oo kale si awood nuclear cheapened. Waxaa kaloo muhiim ah in la eb dadka nabad ah oo kaliya waxay bixisaa korontada (taasi waa, xataa haddii isticmaalka baahsan si buuxda ma u saari karaan bulshada ee ku tiirsanaanta tamarta).

Oil ama korontada?

Oil, in kasta oo wax kasta, waxaa muhiim u ah warshadaha iyo gaadiidka. Qiyaastii 40% ka mid ah tamarta la wada baabbi'iyey Maraykanka, la siiyo kheyraadka in. Laga soo bilaabo ku tiirsanaanta saliidda ma laga takhaluso Japan iyo France (inkasta oo ay si firfircoon u isticmaalaya NPP). Darteed ee ma jirtaa mustaqbalka ah la eb nabad, ama waxaa lagu xukumay in uu sii hooska "dahabka madow"? isbeddellada waxay tusayaan in geedka ma laga yaabaa in ee la soo dhaafay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar ka mid ah horumarka dhawaan siiyey tamarta nukliyeerka fursad cusub.

Waxaan ka hadleynaa muuqaalka kore ee baabuurta in ay maamulaan on baatrool ma aha, oo koronto. Maanta, baabuurta sida sii kordheysa helo US iyo suuqyada Yurub. Ka dib markii dhawr sano ee baabuurta korontada ku noqon doonaa mid caadi ah. Waxay ahayd waqti this si aad u badbaadiso dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah ku iman karto eb mar kale nabad ah. NPP karti u leeyihiin xallinta dhibaatada baahida sii kordhaysa ee dalalka kala duwan oo xagga korontada ah.

tamarta isuga

Waxaa jira aragti kale, kuwaas oo la eb nabad ka dhigi kartaa Liibaan dhaqaale. Mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee la xiriira in ay yihiin howlgalka dabiici ah ammaan ah oo Quwadda Nuclearka. Su'aasha ah kakanaanta xabaalaha ee hadhaaga qashinka nukliyarka iyo shidaalka qaatay siiyey kor u fikradda ah reformatting of tigoodu nuclear ee isuga qaaradda cusub. shirkadaha noocan oo kale ah wuxuu noqon doonaa gebi ahaanba deegaanka amaan u ah. Laakiin ka hor inta technology ee la eb nabad la gelin doonaa wax soo saarka, khubaro yeelan doonaan si ay u tagaan jidka dheer.

Maanta oo ku saabsan mashruuca thermonuclear yihiin kooxaha horeba uga shaqaynayay ka 33 dal. ballanqaad Globality la shidaalka thermonuclear waxaa keena hannaanka ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ay. Ammaan kuuma ahan oo kaliya deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale kaydkiisu. khayraadka lagama maarmaanka u ah saynisyahano - deuterium, kaas oo ka soo jeeda badaha. saldhiga ugu weyn ee farsamada thermonuclear farqiga ka NPP waa in shirkadaha isuga cusub (fission nuclear waxaa lagu fuliyaa on warshadda nukliyeerka hore) dhici doona. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay tahay in technology this waa mustaqbalka la eb nabad.