Taxane homologous

In kimistari, waxaa jira kooxo ka mid ah walxaha organic, lagu gartaa guryaha la mid ah oo ka mideysan yihiin by formula guud, kaas oo kuu sharaxaya qaabka kala dhismaha u dhaxeeya xubin kasta oo xiga ee kooxda hore. Tusaale ahaan, taxane ah homologous of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes , ama kooxo kale. Magac-Tani waa muhiimad weyn u daraasadda ama dhaqanka ee saadaalinta. Waayo, walxaha organic kooxda gudahood, waxaa jira isbedel joogto ah ee guryaha kiimikada iyo jirka, oo dhammaantood waxaa xiran isbeddelka miisaanka kelli.

Waxaa sidoo kale muhim u yihiin xeerarka in lagu qeexo sida sifooyinka walxaha in guurka ka mid group in kale. Si loo fahmo waxa ay tahay taxane ah homologous, waa in ay tixgeliyaan tusaalooyin gaar ah. Waayo, koox kasta oo xeryahooda waxa kordhaya heerkulka caan ku milmeen (crystallization), karkaraya (uumiga) iyo cufnaanta la sii kordhaya miisaanka kelli iyo tirada atamka carbon in Britain ay.

Consort cokan waxaa lagu magacaabaa paraffinic ama cokan, ay matalaan acyclic (wareegyada lahayn) xarunta si toos ah ama dhismayaasha jahaysteen, atamka ee u taagoo of kuwaas oo ku biiray by bonds hal. formula guud waa CnH2n + 2 iyo qeexayaa taxane ah homologous of alkanes. Britain ayaa ku xiga kasta oo xubin ka kordho sidii hore mid la eb C marka la barbar dhigo iyo labada atamka si H. cokan Consort ka mid ah:

• methane;
• ethane;
• propane, iyo wixii la mid ah.

Waayo, Consort cokan ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah cycloparaffins. Tani waa koox weyn oo xeryahooda organic kuwaas oo u taagoo waa siddo u xiran yihiin. taxane Homologous iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay formula CnH2n ah, bilaabmaa kiimikada saddex atamka carbon. Tusaalooyinka cycloparaffins:

• cyclopropane;
• cyclobutane;
• cyclopentane, iwm

Consort roodhida ama roodhida ayaa sidoo kale acyclic. Waxaa ka mid ah walxaha caadiga ah iyo ISO-dhismeedka. taxane Homologous of alkenes isagoo formula guud CnH2n. xeryahooda Kuwan waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka mid bond double u dhaxaysa laba atamka carbon. Haddii safka hore ku bilaabmaa hydrocarbon leh carbon eb (methane), oo ka bilaabma walxaha in Britain ee taas oo ka kooban laba atamka carbon. Tusaalooyinka alkenes:

• ethene;
• propyl;
• butene, iyo wixii la mid ah.

Consort ee Britain ayaa labada atamka carbon ku xiran by bond xaafuun badan yihiin roodhida, haddii kale loo yaqaan alxamaad. Waxay ka mideysan yihiin by taxane ah homologous of alkynes. Waxaa la tilmaamay by caanaha CnH2n-2 iyo laga bilaabo alxamaad in caanaha dhan yahay laba atamka C. Tusaalooyinka alkynes:

• ethyne;
• propyne;
• butyn-1 iyo wixii la mid ah.

Consort acyclic roodhida, taas oo Britain ka leedahay laba bonds double waxaa lagu magacaabaa Diene. Waxay leeyihiin caanaha guud CnH2n-2. Waxay taxane homologous bilaabmaa hydrocarbon ah oo leh saddex atamka carbon in Britain ay. The bonds double la conjugated karo (kala mid bond hal) isbiirsaday (yaal atamka ku xiga) ama go'doonsan (soocay bonds badan hal). Tusaalooyinka dienes:

• 1,2-propadiene;
• 1,3-butadiene;
• isoprene, iwm

Koox gaar ah oo waxaa la aasaasay by kiimikada dhismeedka xilliile ah ee Britain ayaa ah taas oo uu leeyahay giraanta benzene ah. taxane Homologous of hydrocarbon leedahay beduliyum qayb bilaabmaa xarunta leh lix atamka carbon - benzene. Homologues ee taxanahan waxaa la aasaasay by badalaa mid ama ka badan atamka hydrogen addoonsi giraan benzene ee xagjirka ah. Sayidka, tiro ka mid ah walxaha: benzene, toluene, xylene. Haddii Britain uu leeyahay laba ama ka badan substituents oo muujinaya joogitaanka isomers maadooyinkaas. taxane kale homologous xabakta loo sameeyay ka naphthalene, anthracene, iyo waxyaabaha kale.

Haddii Britain shidaalka ee ay leedahay koox functional, kiimikada sida ayaa sidoo kale noqonaya taxane ah homologous.

• Dhowr alcohols lagu gartaa adigoo Britain a group hydroxyl ah (-OH). Waayo, monoalcohols mid la eb hydrogen in hydrocarbon ah acyclic bedelay by group hydroxyl ah; ay formula: CnH2n + 1OH. Waxa kale oo jira taxane ah polyols.
• Dhowr phenols lagu gartaa joogitaanka ee Britain iyo kooxda hydroxyl ah (-OH), laakiin waxa uu bedelayaa hydrogen on giraanta benzene ah.
• Lagu gartaa tiro ka mid ah aldehydes per Britain ee xarunta kiimikada ee kooxda carbonyl (> = C O), oo aldehydes of formula guud: R-CH = O.
• Tiro ka mid ah ketones ayaa sidoo kale kala duwanaayeen joogitaanka kooxda carbonyl (> = C O), laakiin haddii ay ku xiran yahay aldehydes a xagjirka ah, ka dibna labada ketones shidaalka xagjirka ah. Ketones formula: R1-CO-Red2.
• Tiro ka mid ah acids carboxylic kala duwan yihiin koox carboxyl kiimikooyinka kale, isku daraa ee kooxaha carbonyl iyo hydroxyl. Formula - RCOOH.

Waayo, mid kasta oo isku xigta, haddii aldehydes homologous taxane, carbonic (organic) acids, alcohols ama walxaha kale, guryaha ay inta badan ku xirnaan doontaa nooca group functional iyo si dabiici ah ku kala duwan yihiin tirada la sii kordhaya miisaanka walxaha kelli. kala soocidda Tani waa fasalka ballaaran oo kiimiko ah ka caawisaa in ay fahmaan nooca iyo wax ka barato xoolahooda.