Bamkii Atomikada ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki: Sababaha iyo Cawaaqibta

Kuwa soo socda sano, aadanaha dabbaal-degi doonaa sanad guuradii 70aad ee dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, yavivshey tusaalooyin badan oo axmaqnimo qabanin, markii dhowr maalmood ama xataa saacadood baaba'aan ka ee magaalada dhulka oo dhan iyo dilay boqollaal kun oo qof, oo ay ku jiraan dad rayid ah. The tusaale ugu cad yahay qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, ku xaq anshaxa oo la yidhaahdo su'aal qof kasta oo macquul ah.

Japan lagu jiro marxaladaha ugu dambeeya ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida

Sida aad ogtahay, Nazi Germany dhiibay Habeenka May 9, 1945. Taasi waxay keentay dhamaadka dagaalka ee Europe. Oo weliba xaqiiqda ah in jeeda kaliya ee isbahaysiga anti-faashistihii hadhay Imperial Japan, kaas oo wakhtigaas si rasmi ah ugu dhawaaqay inay dagaal ku saabsan 6 dalalka darsin. Horeba oo sabab u ah dagaalka lagu hoobtay oo ciidamada ayaa lagu qasbay in uu ka tago Indonesia iyo Indochina ee June 1945. Laakiin markii Maraykanka, oo ay la socdaan Ingiriiska iyo Shiinaha bandhigay danbays ah in ay amarka Japanese, in loo diiday on 26 July. Xaaladdan oo kale, xitaa waqtiga Shirka Yalta ah, Midowga Soofiyeeti sameeyey ballanqaad ee August si ay u bilaabaan weerar baaxad weyn oo ka dhan ah Japan, kaas oo dhamaadka dagaalka, oo wuxuu lahaa oo in la wareejiyo South Sakhalin iyo Islands Kuril ah.

Shuruudaha isticmaalaan hubka Nuclearka

Long ka hor inta dhacdooyinkan, dayrta ee 1944 at kulan ka mid ah madaxda ka mid ah USA iyo UK macaamilooday iyada oo suurtagal ah ee la isticmaalayo bambooyin cusub sverhrazrushitelnyh ka dhanka Japan. Ka dib markii in, Project caanka Manhattan, bilaabay sanad ka hor oo loogu talagalay in lagu abuuro hubka nuclear, waxaa bilaabay in uu waxqabsi yeesho luminayey cusboonaaday, iyo shaqeeyaan on abuurista baarka ugu horeysay lagu soo gabagabeeyey by dhamaadka colaad Yurub.

Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki: Sababaha qaraxii

Sayidka, by xagaagii 1945, Mareykanka noqday leh kaliya ee hubka nukliyeerka ee adduunka iyo go'aansaday in ay isticmaalaan faa'iido this si ay cadaadis u saaro qofka kaa soo horjeeda iyo jir associate waqti isku mid ah isbahaysiga la dagaalanka burcad-Hitler - USSR.

Isla mar ahaantaana, iyadoo la kulantay guuldarro, niyad Japan ma ahaa jabay. Sida ku cad xaqiiqada ah in maalin boqolaal kasta oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Imperial ee u noqday oo qaarijiyay Kaiten oo hubiyeen in diyaaradaha iyo toorbiidyo Maraakiibta iyo bartilmaameedyo kale ciidamada Army Maraykanka. Taasi waxay keentay in intii uu socday hawlgalku dhulka dalka reer Japan laftiisa ciidamada huwanta filan khasaare wayn. sababta in la soo dhaafay ayaa maanta inta badan daliishaday saraakiisha Mareykanka sabab xaq baahida loo qabo in tallaabooyinka sida qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Waxaan u muuqdaan in iloobin in, in erayada Churchill, saddex todobaad ka hor shirka aabbo ah , Stalin isaga u sheegay oo ku saabsan isku dayga ah Japanese ah in la dhiso wadahadal nabad ah. Waa wax iska cad in statements sida by wakiilada ee dalka ka socda si ay u sameeyaan Mareykanka iyo Ingiriiska, sida qarax weyn ee magaalooyinka waaweyn ku riday warshadaha ay ciidamada ayaa qarka u burburto iyo sameeyey raafadiyay lama huraan.

doorashada ee diirada u

Ka dib markii la helo heshiis ah mabda 'ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka hubka qaaradda ka dhanka ah Japan, guddi gaar ah waxaa la aasaasay. Its shirka labaad lagu qabtay on May 10-11, oo waxaa u huray in doorashada ee magaalooyinka, oo waxay ahaayeen in la duqeeyay. Shuruudaha ugu muhiimsan in hanuunin Commission waxay ahaayeen:

• joogitaanka qasabka ah ee ku xeeran bartilmaameed militari rayadka ah;
• sida ay muhiim u ah dadka Japanese, ma aha oo kaliya ka dhaqaale iyo istaraatiijiyadeed of view, laakiin sidoo kale ka nafsi ah,
• Heer sare ah ee muhiimadda shayga, burburinta taas oo keeni lahaa resonance ee dunida;
• goolka ma in la waxyeeleeyeen qaraxii, in ciidamada ay awoodaan in ay maqsuud awoodda dhabta ah ee hubka cusub.

Kaas oo magaalada loo tixgeliyaa sida bartilmaameedka

Tirada "musharax" waxay ahaayeen:

• Kyoto, taas oo ah xarunta ugu weyn ee warshadaha iyo dhaqanka iyo magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Japan,
• Hiroshima sida dekedda military muhiim ah oo magaalada, halkaas oo dukaamo ciidanka oo ku urursan;
• Yokohama, taas oo ah xarunta meheradaha ciidamada;
• Kokura - meesha uu Arsenal u ah ciidamada ugu badan.

Sida laga soo xigtay-qorka ee badbaaday ay ka qaybgalayaashu in dhacdooyinka kuwa, inkasta oo ujeedada ugu haboon ahayd in Kyoto, G. Wasiirka ciidamada Maraykanka Stimson ku adkeystay on saarida magaalada ka mid ah liiska, sida uu shakhsi ahaan ogyahay indhaha iyo wakiil ay qiimaha dhaqanka dunida.

Waxa xiiso leh, qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki markii hore ma breaded. More hufan, sida Ujeedada labaad waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay magaalada ka mid ah Kokura. Tani waa caddaynta ku xaqiiqada ah in ka hor 9 August on Nagasaki lagu qaaday weerar cirka ah in sababay inuu walaac iyo dadka lagu qasbay in ay ka baxdo inta badan ardayda in tuulooyinka ku hareereysan. Wax yar ka dib, iyada oo sababtu tahay wadaxaajood dheer diirada u firaaqada la doortay, in ay dhacdo xaalad degdeg ah. Waxay kala yihiin:

• qaraxii ugu horeeyay, haddii aanay awoodin inay ku dhuftay Hiroshima - Niigata;
• labaad (halkii Kokura) - Nagasaki.

tababarka

Bamkii Atomikada ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki dalbaday in si taxaddar leh diyaarinta. Intii lagu guda jiray qeybtii labaad ee May iyo June, at saldhig jasiiradda of Tinian loo soo wareejiyay 509 th darka Air Group Air Force Maraykanka, Sidaa darteed tallaabooyin ammaan gaar ah loo qaaday. Hal bil ka dib, on 26 July, ayaa loo qaaday jasiiradda bam "Boy Little" ee qaaradda iyo 28 tirada qaybaha ka ah shirka reer "Fat Man". Oo isla maalintaas Dzhordzh Marshall, kuwaas oo wakhtigaas qabtay jagada guddoomiyaha Madaxdii Wadajirka ah ee Shaqaalaha, gelin saxiixiisa ka yar si toos ah si ay u hirgeliyaan duqeymo nuclear waqti kasta ka dib markii August 3, marka ay jiraan xaaladaha cimilada ku filan.

Weerarkii ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda on Japan

Taariikhda qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki ma la odhan karaa waa cad sida weerar nuclear on magaalo ka mid ah ayaa ka go'an la farqi ah 3 maalmood.

dharbaaxo hore waxaa Cadaabayn Hiroshima. Oo waxaa dhacay June 6, 1945-sano. "Sharaf" da'a qaraxa "Boy Little" u tageen inay markabka ka mid ah diyaaradaha B-29 ah, kaasoo lagu naaneeso "Enola Gay", amray by Colonel Tibbets. Oo waxyaalahaas ka hor duulaya duuliye, ka dhaadhiciyay in samaynayaa shuqul wanaagsan oo ay "feat" waxaa xigi doona gabagabo degdegga ah ee dagaalka, ayaa booqday kiniisadda oo helay weel la cyanide potassium in ay dhacdo dhacaya maxaabiis ahaan.

Si wadajir ah la "Enola Gay" fuusho saddex diyaaradaha sahan hawada, loogu talagalay in lagu ogaado xaaladaha cimilada iyo kuusha 2 la sawiro iyo qalab waxbarasho oo ku soo koobin ee qaraxa.

Waxay qaraxii ka dhacay gabi ahaanba dhibaato la'aan, tan iyo markii ciidamada Japanese uma aragto shay yaacaya Hiroshima, iyo cimilada waxay ahayd in ka badan wanaagsan. Maxaa dhacay waa la arki karaa iyagoo eegaya cajalad "Bamkii Atomikada ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki" - documentary ah ka newsreels sameeyey Pacific dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee dunida soo ururay.

Gaar ahaan, waxaa lagu muujiyay daruur likaha ah, kaas oo, sida laga soo xigtay Captain Roberta Lyuisa, oo ahaa xubin ka mid ah shaqaalaha markabka oo ka mid ah "Enola Gay", wuxuu ahaa la arki karo xitaa ka dib markii ay diyaarad ka soo duulay bambooyin dhibic dheecaan 400 miles.

Qaraxii of Nagasaki

Waxay jeelyihiin in si ka duwan ku daray howlgalka in ay hoos u bamka, "Fat Man", fuliyay on 9 August. Guud ahaan, qarax ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, photos oo aan xusno ururo la sharaxaada la garanayo ee apocalypse, ayaa si taxadar leh, oo waxa kaliya oo laga yaabaa in ay hagaajin hirgelintiisa, wuxuu ahaa cimilada. Tani waa waxa dhacay markii waagii beryay ayaa hore ee 9 August, ka jasiiradda of Tinian diyaaradda hoos amarka Major Charles Sweeney iyo bamka qaaradda, "Fat Man" on board duulay. In 8 saacadood 10 daqiiqo ah guddiga in meeshii uu ahaa in uu la kulmo kii labaad yimid - B-29 ah, laakiin ma aanan helin. 40 daqiiqo ee sugitaanka ka dib, waxaa la go'aamiyay in la sameeyo diyaaradaha qarax oo aan la Wadaage, laakiin waxa ay ka leexatay in magaalada Kokura ayaa 70% daruurta oo saamiyada. Waxaa intaa dheer, xitaa ka hor inta horyaalka ka warqabin bamka shidaalka failure, iyo waqti markii guddiga waxay ahayd in ka badan Kokura, waxa ay noqotay wax iska cad in sida kaliya ee ay dib ugu "Fat Man" - si ay u sameeyaan inta lagu jiro dayuurada ka badan Nagasaki. Markaas B-29 tageen magaaladii oo sameeyey keddibna ah ee bamka qaaradda, hanuuniyey by garoonka maxalliga ah. Sayidka, by fursad Kokura ahaa badbaadiyey, oo dunida oo dhan ogaa in ay jirto Bamkii Atomikada ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Nasiib wanaag, haddii hadalkii oo kale ah oo dhan ku haboon haddii ay taasi ku ah, bamka cararay ka ujeedada asalka ah, ilaa xad ka fog meelaha la deggan yahay marti, wax yar hoos u dhimashada.

Cawaaqibka qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki

Sida laga soo xigtay markhaatiyaal indhaha ku arkay, in dhowr daqiiqo kuwa gudahood gacan ka mid ah 800 oo mitir u jirta xuddunta u ah qaraxa oo dhan, dhintay. Markaasaa dab bilaabay, Gudaheedana waxaa ku Hiroshima waxay ugu dhakhsaha badan gelin tornado noqotay, waayo, dabaysha, xawaaraha taas oo ahayd qiyaastii 50-60 km / saacaddii.

Qarxintii nuclear ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki iyo Insiba leh soo bandhigay in sida ugub ah sida bukaanka shucaaca. marka hore wuxuu u soo aragto dhakhaatiirta iyada. Waxay ahaayeen yaabay, in xaaladda ka badbaaday ugu horeysay, hagaagay, ka dibna ay ka soo cudurka, calaamadaha ay ahaayeen sida shubanka dhintay. In ka maalmood ee ugu horreeya iyo bilood ka dib waxaa la fuliyay qaraxii ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki, yar ayaa saadaaliyay laga yaabaa in kuwa dhex noolaa noqon doonaa nolol dhan oo aan u xanuunsataan ka cudurro kala duwan, iyo xitaa in ay dhalaan caruur caafimaad qabin.

dhacdooyinka xiga

August 9, isla markiiba ka dib markii news ka mid ah qaraxii of Nagasaki iyo dhawaaqey dagaal by Midowga Soofiyeeti, Emperor Hirohito hadlay ay guushu ku dhiibin deg deg ah, ay shardi tahay in dalka xooggiisa. Laakiin 5 maalmood ka dib markii la sheegay in uu qoraal ku saabsan la joojiyo colaadda in luqadda Ingiriisiga ee warbaahinta Japan. Waxaa intaa dheer, in qoraalka ah ee uu Weynaha sheegay in mid ka mid ah sababaha uu go'aan ay joogaan cadowga "hubka laga cabsado", isticmaalka taas oo keeni karta in burburinta qaranka.