Shaqada ensaymes. Doorka ensaymes ee jirka

Falgalka - a borotiinada globular, kuwaas oo kaa caawin in ay gudbaan dhammaan hababka gacanta. Like dhan Xoojiya, ayay dib u noqon oo aanay kartaa jawaabta, oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u dardar.

Deegaamaynta ah ensaymes in gacanta

Inside gacanta, ku ensaymes shaqsi sida caadiga ah ku jira iyo ka hawlgalaan a organelles adag qeexay. Deegaamaynta of falgalka waxaa si toos ah ee la xiriira shaqada oo sida caadiga ah u qabata site gacanta.

Ku dhowaad dhammaan oo ka mid ah ensaymes ee glycolysis ku yaalaan cytoplasm ah. Falgalka Krebs wareegga - in furta oo mitochondrial. Walxaha firfircooni ku jira hydrolysis ku lysosomes.

unugyada iyo xubnaha xoolaha iyo dhirta qaarkood waa ma aha oo kaliya on set ah ensaymes, laakiin sidoo kale ay hawl. feature difaan Tani caafimaad ee cudurka of cuduro gaar ah loo isticmaalo.

Waxaa sidoo kale jira qaababka jir-gaarka ah ee hawsha iyo dhigay of falgalka in unugyo ka. Waxay inta badan si cad u yihiin la arki karo in muddada horumarinta SNMna markii kaladuwan yihiin unugyada.

Magac-of falgalka

Waxaa jira dhowr nidaamka horyaal, kuwaasoo mid walba uu tixgelinayo sifooyinka eulayska darajooyin kala duwan.

• Ciyaalle. Magacyada walxaha la siiyo jilayaasha random. Tusaale ahaan, pepsin (pepsis -. "Dheefshiidka", Gr) Oo trypsin (tripsis - "dilutes" Giriigga.)
• QUMMAN. Magaca enzyme waxa ay ka kooban oo ka mid ah substrate iyo dhamaadka "-ase". Tusaale ahaan, amylase dedejisaa ku hydrolysis istaarijka (amylo -. "Noqde", Greek).
• Moscow. Waxaa la ansixiyay 1961 by Guddiga Caalamiga ee waydaarsanayeen ee ensaymes ee V International baayo Congress. Title walax ka kooban yahay substrate ah iyo dareen kaas oo la catalyzed (dedejiyey) by eulayska. Haddii shaqo ee falgalka waa in koox ka mid ah atamka wareejiyo ka mid Britain (substrate) si kale (aqbalana ah), Hannaan ka mid ah magaca iyo magaca kiimikada ee aqbalana ah. Tusaale ahaan, in uu cadaanyo ba'an kala iibsiga kooxda amino ka aminotransferase 2-oksiglutarovuyu acid qayb aminotransferase enzyme: 2-oksoglutarataminotransferaza. Magaca waxa ay ka tarjumaysaa:
• substrate - aminotransferase;
• aqbalana - 2-oxoglutaric acid,
• amino dulqaadan ee falcelinta.

Guddiga Caalamiga ah ayaa sameeyay liiska oo dhan falgalka loo yaqaan, kuwaas oo si joogto ah updated. Tan waxa u sabab helitaanka walxo cusub.

dirka ensaymes

Share ensaymes kooxo laba siyaabood. marka hore waxay bixisaa laba fasal oo ah maandooriyaha:

• fudud - ka kooban oo kaliya of protein,
• kakan - oo ay ku jiraan qayb ka protein (apoenzyme) iyo-protein aan yeedhay coenzymes.

Fiitamiino ka mid noqon kara qayb non-protein dhismaha enzyme ah. Dhexgalka walxaha kale waxay dhacdaa iyada oo loo marayo goobta firfircoon. Total Britain enzyme ma geedi socodka ka qayb.

Guryaha ah ensaymes, iyo sidoo kale borotiinada kale, waxaa go'aamiya ay qaab-dhismeedka. Iyada oo ku xidhan Xoojiya waxaa loo dardar kaliya ay dareen-celin.

Habka kala soocidda labaad qaybiyaa arrin xaqiiqada, waxa shaqo la sameeyaa by ensaymes. Natiijadu waxay tahay lix fasalada:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase;
• ligase.

Kooxdani waxa caadiga ah, waxay ku kala duwan oo keliya ma aha ee noocyada falcelin haga falgalka ka kooban iyaga oo ku. In walxaha kooxaha kala duwan ee qaabdhismeedka waa ka duwan yahay. Iyo shaqada ee ensaymes in gacanta, sidaas darteed, ma isku mid noqon karaa.

Oxidoreductases - redox

Shaqada ugu weyn ee kooxda koowaad ee falgalka - xawaaraha of falcelinta qayilo-reduction. feature sifo A: awood u leh inay sameeyaan silsilad of falgalka oxidative, kuwaas oo kala iibsiga ee electrons ama atamka hydrogen ka substrate ugu horeeyay ee aqbalana finalka. xeryahooda Kuwani kala soocan yihiin sida ay mabda'a hawlgalka ama shaqada ee falcelinta.

1. dehydrogenase hawada (oxidase) dardar kala iibsiga ee electrons ama protons si toos ah ula atamka oxygen ah. Anaerobic kaloo samayn tallaabo la mid ah, laakiin falcelin ku dhaca oo aan kala iibsiga ee electrons ama atamka hydrogen on atamka oxygen.
2. dehydrogenase Primary habka catalyzed atamka hydrogen ka bixitaanka walxaha oxidizable (substrate hoose). Secondary - dardar-ka saarida ee atamka hydrogen ka substrate sare ah loo diyaariyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo dehydrogenase hoose.

Muuqaal kale, isagoo Hannaan laba qayb la set oo ah mid aad u kooban oo coenzymes (group firfircoon), waxay dardar karaa set of noocyo kala duwan oo dareen diidmo oo lagu qayilo-reduction. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa by tiro badan oo kala duwanaansho: coenzymes isla laga yaabaa in ay u hoggaansamaan apofermentami kala duwan. Xaalad kasta, a gaar ahaan oxidoreductase leh hantida gaarka ah.

Waxaa jira feature kale ee kooxdan oo ah ensaymes, oo ma dafiri karto in la xuso - waxay dedejiyo geedi socodka kiimikada ee la xidhiidha in la sii daayo ee tamarta. Dareen-celinta noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan gube.

Transferase - sidayaal

falgalka Kuwani shaqayn cadaanyo kala iibsiga dardargelinta harta kelli iyo kooxaha functional. Tusaale ahaan, phosphofructokinase.

Qoondee sideed kooxood oo Xoojiya, ku salaysan kooxda fududaan. Ka fiirso qaar ka mid ah oo kaliya oo ka mid ah.

1. Phosphotransferase - caawiyo si ay u gudbiyaan harta ee phosphoric acid. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin Banii- sida ay Ahaado (khamriga, carboxylic acid, iwm).
2. Alanine - dardar-falcelinta ee acids amino transamination.
3. Glycosyl - wareejiyo harta glycosyl ee u taagoo in ay u taagoo of esters phosphoric of mancaha iyo polysaccharides. Bixi a dareen diidmo oo kala daatay iyo Avv oligo- ama polysaccharides in dhirta iyo noolaha xayawaanka. Tusaale ahaan, waxay ka qayb qaataan falcelinta ee sucrose burburkii.
4. Acyltransferase harta ee acids carboxylic wareejiyay amines, alcohols iyo acids amino. Acyl-coenzymes-A waa il boosaska badan kooxaha acyl. Waxaa la oran karo waa koox firfircoon ee acyltransferases sida. Inta badan dulqaadan acyl acetic acid.

Hydrolase - milmaan qayb oo biyo ah

In this group of falgalka shaqeeyaan sidii kiciyaan cadaanyo cholesterol ah (ereygu ka yar) xeryahooda organic, taas oo biyaha ku lug. Walxaha in kooxdan waxaa lagu hayaa baqashada iyo casiirka dheefshiidka. Xoojiya Britain ee mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka ka kooban yihiin qayb hal.

Place ee deegaamaynta of falgalka kuwanu waa lysosomes. Waxay qabtaan hawlaha difaaca ee ensaymes in gacanta: walxaha shisheeye ku dhegtaan in u gudbeen xagga xuub. Waxay sidoo kale ku baabbi'iyee kuwa walxaha kuwaas oo aan loo baahnayn cell, kaas oo lysosomes ah ayaa loogu magac daray fayadhowrka.

Waxa kale oo ka mid ah "naaneesta" - ismiidaaminta gacanta, tan iyo markii ay yihiin qalab ugu muhiimsan ee autolysis cell. Haddii ay jirto ahaa caabuq, geedi socodka bararka ayaa bilaabay, xuub noqotaa hydrolase permeable iyo lysosomal baxay cytoplasm ah, oo burburiyey wax walba oo ay waddo oo burburiyeyna gacanta.

Wadaagaan dhawr nooc oo Xoojiya ka tirsan this:

• esterase - mas'uul ka hydrolysis ee esters of alcohols;
• Glycosidase - dardar hydrolysis of glycosides, iyada oo ku xidhan isomer ay ku shaqeeyaan, dhaadheer α- ama β-glycosidase;
• peptide hydrolase - mas'uul ka hydrolysis ee bonds peptide in borotiinada, iyo xaaladaha qaarkood oo ay Avv, laakiin habkan looma isticmaalo in Avv borotiinka ku jira unugyada nool;
• amidase - mas'uul ka hydrolysis ee amides, tusaale ahaan, urease catalyzes kala daatay ee HOL galay ammonia iyo biyo.

Isomerase - beddelidda Britain

Waxyaabahani waxay dardar isbedel hal Britain. Waxaa laga yaabaa in dhismaha ama joomatari. Tani waxay dhici kartaa siyaabo kala duwan:

• kala iibsiga ee atamka hydrogen,
• dhaqaaqin kooxda phosphate ah,
• isbedel ah goobta koox qaaradda in meel bannaan;
• dhaqdhaqaaqa debaajiga double.

isomerization waxaa laga yaabaa in loo soo bandhigin acids organic, carbohydrates ama acids amino. Isomerase bedeli karaan aldehydes iyo ketones, taas bedelkeeda, foomka CIS dib qaab trans oo dib. Si aad si fiican u fahmaan waxa function waxaa lagu sameeyaa by the ensaymes ee kooxdan, waxaad u baahan tahay inaad ogaato isomers kala duwan.

Lyase xiriir jeex

falgalka Kuwani dardar daatay non-hydrolytic xiriirka xeryahooda organic:

• bonds carbon-carbon;
• fosfooraska-oxygen;
• carbon-baaruud;
• carbon-nitrogen;
• carbon-oxygen.

Xaaladdan oo kale waxaa ka mid ah waxyaabaha sida fudud sida carbon dioxide, biyaha, ammonia, oo dhaaraheedii ay double u xiran yihiin. Dhowr celintan oo dhinaca ka soo horjeeda tegi kartaa, oo u dhiganta ensaymes ku hoos jira xaalad ku haboon habka this ma weyni tahay oo kaliya weyni ah, laakiin Avv.

lyase Qoondaynta dhacdaa nooca la xidhiidha, waxay ku jebin. Waxay yihiin falgalka adag.

ligase crosslinked

Shaqada ugu weyn ee ku ensaymes ee group this - xawaaraha ee reactions ereygu wuxuu ahaa. Ay peculiarity - abuuraya conjugation la geeyo walxaha kuwaas oo awood u siinaya tamar hanaanka biosynthetic. Waxaa jira lix kooxihii la aasaasay by nooca xidhiidh. Shan ka mid ah waa lyases kooxaha isku mid, oo lixaad ayaa ka mas'uul ah sameynta isgaarsiinta "nitrogen-biraha".

ligases Qaar ka mid ah ayaa ku lug leh in geeddi socodka a cell si gaar ah muhiim. Tusaale ahaan, ligase DNA ah oo ku lug leh taranka ee deoxyribonucleic acid. Waxay karriin nicked, abuurista bonds phosphodiester cusub. Waxa ay ahayd tii kula biiray jajabkii Okazaki.

isla enzyme Tani waxaa si balaadhan looga isticmaalaa in injineernimada hidaha. Waxa ay u ogolaataa saynisyahano in crosslink Britain DNA ka mid ah xubnihii loo baahan yahay iyaga ka mid ah, la abuuro silsilad gaarka ah ee deoxyribonucleic acid. Waxay dhigi karo macluumaad kasta, sidaas abuuraya warshad wax soo saarka ee borotiinada lagama maarmaan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa suurtagal ah in loo tolo goosin ka mid ah DNA ee Bakteeriyada ah mas'uul ka Avv insulin ah. Oo markuu gacanta baahin doonaa borotiinada u gaar ah, ayay waqti isku mid ah aynu iyo macdanta loo baahan yahay ujeedooyin caafimaad. Waxaa weli kaliya in ay nadiifiso, iyo waxa ay kaa caawin doontaa in dad badan oo buka.

Doorka weyn ee ensaymes ee jirka

Waxay kor u qaadi kara heerka falcelinta ka badan toban jeer. Waa muhiim u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa unugyada caadiga ah. falgalka A ka qayb falcelin kasta. Sidaa darteed, shaqo ee falgalka kala duwan sida oo dhan geedi socodka ka dhaca jidhka. carqalad A ee Xoojiya kuwaas oo keenta in cawaaqib daran.

Falgalka hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in cuntada, warshadaha iftiin, daawo: isticmaalo soo saaridda of jiiska, sausages, cuntada qasacadaysan, waxaa ka mid ahaa in budo oomo. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda qalabka sawiro.