Khamriga Ethyl: macluumaadka guud, hababka diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka

Alcohols - taagayo ee Consort, in Britain darani ku hal ama in ka badan hydrogens bedelay kooxda hydroxyl ah (OH). alcohols Hoose waa L. oo dhan Joogaba, biyo. Iyada oo alcohols acids sameeyaan esters. Kooxda hydroxyl waa hydrogen la bedelay laga yaabaa. Sidaas darteed, ka yar tallaabada of alcoholates biraha sodium loo sameeyay. In hydrolysis ku alkoxides habka cawisa in ay biyo iyo hydroxide sodium.

alcohols Primary ceelka oxidized si ay u sameeyaan aldehydes. Aldehydes - xeryahooda organic in ay leeyihiin kooxaha OH iyo ma siin esters; muuq beelayo dul qayilo dheeraad ah si acids la carboxylic atamka ka yar. Inta lagu jiro fuuq of alcohols helay Consort roodhida. On jirka ah ee alcohols aliphatic guud ahaan maandooriyaha. xoogga saameynta khamriga ku xiran tahay guryaha jireed. Marka la mancaha ama alcohols polyhydric marka la barbar dhigo ogaaday in tallaabo ee dambe ayaa daciifa, iyo mararka qaar xitaa laga badiyay, ie sii kordhaya tirada kooxaha hydroxyl in Britain ay yaraynaysaa tallaabada pharmacological, tusaale ahaan, glycerol ma laha tallaabo daroogada appreciable.

Diyaarinta khamriga ethyl

Khamriga ujeedooyin caafimaad waxaa laga heli by halsano ah sonkor. carbohydrates Fermentable loo bandhigi galley, baradho, galayda, iyo qalabka kale ee dhirta. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tiro ka mid ah marxaladaha ogeysiiyo dhexe halsano khamriga. In wax distillery soo socda (baradho iyo la mid ah) waxaa marka hore dhulka iyo dhoobo ka maydhay, oo markaas ku raran yihiin weel galiyey gaar ah, taas oo soo saari uumi cadaadis in laba ama saddex atmospheres. Budada, taas oo ah in baradho, sidaas beddelin, Jinka ah. mass ka dhalanaya la isugu gudbiyo si tun Mash tamarta iyo waxaa qasay waxaa la qaboojiyey ilaa 50 digrii. Si taas waxaa lagu darayaa malt ee uruureen ilaa 10% by miisaanka of baradhada. biqilka shaciir Malt diyaariyey. In nidaamka of biqilka oo shaciir ah in miraha waa formation iyo raasamaal ee ensaymes, mid ka mid ah taas oo ah amylase eulayska. enzyme The hydrolyzes istaarijka in maltose. Markaas, sarkhaansan invertase enzyme maltose waxaa loo beddelaa dhexdhexaad ah aqueous si sonkorta. Last saamayn Zymase diinta ethanol la sii daayo carbon dioxide. Geedi socodka waxaa loo arkaa dhamaystiran marka horumar ah ee diokisda carbon joojiyo. dareeraha keentay waxaa loo yaqaan johannesört, taas oo ka kooban oo ku saabsan 18% khamriga iyo intermediates kala duwan halsano - glycerol, ethanal (copolymer aldehyde), alcohols sare, esters, iwm Next, Mash la hoos geliyey in ay muxaadaro. First, isku dar ah oo leh content khamriga ee ku saabsan 70% ah, ka dibna heerka dambe waxaa kor u kacay in 96%. Ethyl khamriga la ansixiyay isdaahirinta final iyada oo dhuxusha firfircoonaan.

Dhaqaale faa'iidada badan si ay u diyaariyaan synthetically khamriga - ethylene, taas oo ka yar tallaabada of sulphate acid siinayaa ether sulfatnoetilovy decomposes hoos tallaabo biyaha iyo khamriga ethyl in acid sulphate ah. Waa in la ogaadaa in khamriga la samaysan karin ka alxamaad. Ujeedada this, alxamaad la ansixiyay iyada oo xal aqueous of sulphate acid in joogitaanka Hannaan, waxaa qabsadey biyo ka soo gudbeen galay ethanal. aldehyde waxaa debeda off iyo waa la dhimay la hydrogen in aalkolada. fiirsashada khamriga lagu qeexay degrees, tus, 33 °, 40 °. degrees waxay tilmaamayaan sida mugga badan ee khamriga ku jira 100 cutub oo mugga ee xalka.

Waxaa jira fasalada khamriga soo socda:

- cayriin (92-95 °), si waafi bariyeelay saliidaha fusel iyo aldehydes;

- hagaajin (95-96 °), ficil ahaan free of nijaasta;

- buuxda - ficil ammooniya,

- denatured - khamriga cayriin, taas oo lagu daray pyridine saldhig nitrogenous dabiiciga ah; Waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyin warshadaha iyo guryaha.

Ethyl khamriga - dareere ah oo hufan guban isagoo cadaanyo dhexdhexaad ah, ur khamriga iyo dhadhan gubanaya. khamriga daahir yahay a dareeraha organic wanaagsan. cufnaanta ethanol ku xiran ay fiirsashada in xal (tus, 40 - 0.9352 70 - 0.8677 96 - 0.8014).

Isticmaalka ethanol

Waxay yaraysaa ama dila sheyga, gaar ahaan uruureen kor 60-70%. Daawada shidaa dheefshiidka, gooniya wanaajisaa waxqabad ee xarunta neefsashada iyo wadnaha, waayo, suuxdin. Dibadda codsatay sida jeermiska lagu a, irritant, qaboojinta iyo dhiig cusub lagu daaweyn jiray gubasho (I degree iyo II) waxay ka dhigan tahay.