Qaab dhismeedka ATP oo kaalin noolaha. hawlaha ATP

cell kasta oo jirkeena qaataan malaayiin meesha reactions lagmamaarmaanna. Waxay yihiin catalyzed by noocyo kala duwan oo ensaymes, taas oo inta badan u baahan tahay tamar. Meeday gacanta waxa ay qaadataa? Su'aashani waxa lagaga jawaabi karaa iyagoo tixgelinaya qaab dhismeedka ah u taagoo of ATP - il weyn ee tamarta.

ATP - isha caalamiga ah ee tamarta

ATP u taagan tahay adenosine, ama triphosphate adenosine. maalkiisu waa mid ka mid ah laba ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee tamarta unug kasta. The qaab-dhismeedka iyo doorka noolaha ee ATP waa si dhow la xiriira. Inta badan reactions lagmamaarmaanna u dhici kartaa oo keliya ka qaybgalka taagoo oo ah walaxda, gaar ahaan dheef caag ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ATP waa dhif toos ah ugu lug reaction ee dhacdo ee geedi socod kasta oo u baahan tahay tamar, waxaa encased ee bonds kiimikada ee ATP.

Dhismaha taagoo maalkii sida in xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya kooxaha keentay phosphate qaado tiro aad u badan ee tamarta. Sayidka, isgaarsiinta sida waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan-tamar sare ama makroenergeticheskimi (tiro badan Dhaqale = badan). bonds tamarta Term markii ugu horeysay soo bandhigay saynisyahan a F. Lipman, oo waxaa la soo jeediyey in ay isticmaalaan si ay u xil ̴ icon.

Waa arrin aad u muhiim u ah gacanta si ay u ilaaliyaan heerka joogta ah ATP. Tani waxay si gaar caan ku murqaha, iyo unugyada fiiloyin dareemayaasha, maxaa yeelay, iyagu ah kuwa ugu kacsan iyo si ay u gutaan xilkooda u baahan content sare ah triphosphate adenosine.

Dhismaha taagoo of ATP

ATP ka kooban yahay saddex walxaad: ribose iyo adenayn harta ee phosphoric acid.

Ribose - carbohydrate, taasoo loola jeedaa koox pentose. Taas macnaheedu waa in kooban of atamka ribose 5 carbon kuwaas oo ka mid ah wareegga. Ribose xiran yahay bond β-N-glycosidic adenayn in la eb ugu horeysay carbon. Sidoo kale soo biiray in ay ku harta pentose of phosphoric acid at eb ee carbon 5aad.

Adenayn - saldhig nitrogenous. Iyada oo ku xidhan nooca nitrogen aasaasiga ah ku lifaaqan ribose ah, sida GTP go'doon (triphosphate guanosine), TTP (thymidine), CTP (triphosphate cytidine) iyo UTP (triphosphate uridine). walxaha intaas oo dhammu waxay la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka si triphosphate adenosine yihiin oo wuxuu oofin qiyaastii shaqo la mid ah, laakiin waa la helay in gacanta la aad u yartahay.

Harta ee phosphoric acid. Si loo kordhiyo ribose ku biiri kartaa saddex harta ee phosphoric acid. Haddii laba ka mid ah ama mid ka mid ah oo keliya, siday u kala horreeyaan, shay loo yaqaan ADP (diphosphate) iyo amp (monophosphate). Waxaa la soo gabagabeeyay u dhexeeya xiriir makroenergeticheskie harta fosfooraska ah, kaas oo la sii daayay dul dillaac ah min 40 ilaa 60 KJ tamarta. Haddii labada silsilado waa jajabaan, waxay u taagan tahay 80, ugu yaraan - 120 KJ tamarta. At isgaarsiinta nasasho u dhexeeya moiety ribose iyo fosfooraska la sii daayo 13.8 KJ kaliya, xidhiidh macroergic si triphosphate kaliya labo Britain (P ̴ ̴ F P), iyo in Britain ee ADP - mid ka mid ah (P ̴ P).

Halkan waxaa ku qoran waxa jira astaamaha dhismeedka ATP. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in u dhexeeya harta phosphoric acid sameeyay qaab-dhismeedka bond makroenergeticheskaya iyo hawlaha ATP lala.

The qaab-dhismeedka iyo doorka runta ah ee u taagoo ATP. muuqaalada dheeraad ah ee triphosphate adenosine

tamarta sokow, ATP karo hawlaha kale oo badan in unug. Oo ay la socdaan triphosphate kale triphosphate nucleotide ku lug leh dhismaha nucleic acid. Xaaladdan oo kale, ATP, GTP, TTP, CTP iyo UTP yihiin bixiyeyaasha saldhigyadii nitrogenous. hantida waxaa loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodkii taranka DNA iyo qoraal.

ATP ayaa sidoo kale lagama maarmaan ah channels ra'iyi. Tusaale ahaan, Na-K channel shubmo sodium 3 taagoo ka unugyada iyo lisidda potassium 2 Britain ayaa galay gacanta. hadda ra'iyi Waa loo baahan yahay si ay u ilaaliyaan amarka wanaagsan on dusha sare ee xuubka, oo kaliya la isticmaalayo ATP channel si fiican u shaqayn karaa. Isla sidaas u dhaqmaan channels proton iyo calcium ah.

ATP waa maamaan ah Rasuullo sare Camp (monophosphate adenosine xilliile) - Camp ma aha oo kaliya gudbiya a signal helay receptors xuub gacanta, laakiin sidoo kale waa effector ah allosteric. effectors Allosteric - yihiin walxaha in loo dedejiyo ama hoos falcelinta enzymatic. Sayidka, adenosine xilliile ah uu hakiyo enzyme in catalyzes cholesterol ee lactose galay unugyada bakteeriya.

Britain ATP laftiisa ayaa sidoo kale noqon kartaa effector ah allosteric. Waxaa intaa dheer, in geedi socodka sida antagonist ATP ADP u dhaqmo sida haddii triphosphate dedejisaa falcelinta, ka dibna uu hakiyo diphosphate, iyo qeybsanaan. Kuwanu waa hawlaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka ATP.

Sida ATP ku sameeyay unug

Function iyo qaab-dhismeedka ATP waa sida in u taagoo oo ah walaxda si degdeg ah loo isticmaalo, iyo waa la wada baabbi'iyey. Sidaa darteed Avv triphosphate - waa hab muhiim ah oo formation tamarta ee gacanta.

Waxaa jira saddex hab ugu muhiimsan ee ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee triphosphate adenosine:

1. phosphorylation The substrate.

2. phosphorylation murqo.

3. phosphorylation.

phosphorylation substrate ku salaysan tahay ficil-badan dhacda in cytoplasm gacanta. Dareen-celinta waxaa lagu magacaabaa glycolysis - yada anaerobic of Neefta laylinta. Sidaas darteed, mid ka mid ah wareegga ah ee glycolysis laga bilaabo 1 glucose Britain uu ku dhexsameeysmo laba taagoo of pyruvic acid waa la sii isticmaalo si loo soo saaro tamarta, iyo sidoo kale laba dhexsameeysmo ATP.

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + + 2ADF 2Fn -> 2C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

phosphorylation murqo. Neefta cell

phosphorylation murqo - waa formation of ATP by kala iibsiga ee electrons Silsilad gaadiidka electron of xuub ah. Sidaas darteed of kala iibsiga sida ee Wehliyaha proton waxaa la aasaasay on hal dhinac oo ah xuub iyo isticmaalka set oo ah protein synthase ATP muhiim waa dhiso taagoo. Geedi socodka meel xuub mitochondrial.

isku xigxiga ee tallaabooyinka glycolysis iyo phosphorylation oxidative in mitochondria waa habka guud ee loo yaqaan neefsashada. Ka dib markii wareegga buuxa laga bilaabo 1 Britain of glucose in gacanta 36 waxaa la aasaasay of taagoo ATP.

photophosphorylation

habka Phosphorylation - taasi waa phosphorylation isla oxidative iyadoo farqiga kaliya hal: reactions phosphorylation ku dhaca unugyada chloroplasts sarkhaansan iftiinka. ATP soo saaray inta lagu guda jiro marxaladda iftiin photosynthesis - habka aasaasiga ah ee tamarta helo dhirta cagaaran, algae iyo bakteeriyada qaar ka mid ah.

In geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis for electron-gaadiidka electrons silsilad pass isla, taasoo keentay in Wehliyaha proton ah. fiirsashada of protons hal dhinac oo xuub waa il Avv ATP. Duwashada taagoo qaadeen synthase ATP eulayska.

xaqiiqooyinka Interesting ku saabsan ATP

- cell The celcelis ahaan ku jira 0.04% of mass guud ee triphosphate adenosine. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ugu muhiimsan waxaa lagu arkay unugyada muruqa: 0.2-0.5%.

- In gacanta, ku saabsan 1 bilyan oo u taagoo of ATP.

- ma Britain kasta oo ku nool aan ka badnayn 1 daqiiqo.

- Mid ka mid ah Britain ATP waa la cusboonaysiiyaa maalin kasta 2000-3000 jeer.

- Isku soo xooriyoo, maalin kasta ee jirka aadanaha daydaa triphosphate adenosine 40kg, iyo waqti kasta stock ee ATP waa 250 g

gunaanad

Qaab dhismeedka ATP oo kaalin runta ah ee u taagoo ay si dhow ula xiriira. walax waxay door muhiim ah ka ah geedi socodka nolosha, maxaa yeelay, in bond tamarta dhexeeya harta phosphate ee ku jira tiro aad u badan ee tamarta. ATP qabtaa shaqooyin badan ee gacanta, oo sidaas daraaddeed waa muhiim si ay u ilaaliyaan fiirsashada joogto ah oo ah walaxda. Burburka iyo Avv socdaan xawaare sare, ie. Si aad. Xidhiidhka tamarta ayaa si joogto ah loo isticmaalo in reactions lagmamaarmaanna. Waa qayb lagama maarmaan ah ee gacanta kasta ee jirka. Halkan, laga yaabee, in dhammaan laga odhan karaa oo ku saabsan waxa dhismeedka waa ATP.