Qodobka DNA-ga waa tallaabooyinka ugu muhiimsan

Xayiraadda DNA waa habka loo yaqaan deoxyribonucleic acid biosynthesis. Qalabka biosynthesis ee DNA waa adenosin, guanosine-cyidinine iyo thymidine triphosphoric acid ama ATP, GTP, CTF iyo TTF.

Farsamaynta naqshadaynta DNA

Biosynthesis waxaa lagu fuliyaa jiritaanka "seed" - qaddar qadar ah oo isku-baddal ah oo loo bedelay deoxyribonucleic acid iyo catalyst. Polymerase DNA wuxuu u dhaqmaa sida xayawaanka. Enzyme Tani waxay qayb ka qaadataa isku dhafka haraaga nucleotide. In ka badan hal kun oo harta nucleotide ayaa ku xiran hal daqiiqo. Qeybaha nukleotide ee ku jira meco-ka-ka-soo-saarka ee deoxyribonucleic acid waxay isku xiran yihiin 3 bond, 5'-fosfodiester bonds. Polymerase DNA waxay kicisaa xakamaynta harta mononucleotide ilaa dhammaadka bilaashka ah 3-hydroxyl ee badalidda deoxyribonucleic acid. Marka hore, qeybo yaryar oo ka mid ah molecule DNA waa la soo saaray. Waxay isu dhiibaan astaamaha DNA-ka waxayna sameeyaan jajabyo dheeri ah ee deoxyribonucleic acid. Labada jajabkii yihiin kooban ee nuclei cell. Dumarka deoxyribonucleic ee loo baddelay waxaa loo isticmaalaa barta koritaanka molecule mustaqbalka DNA, sidoo kale waa matrix ah kaas oo ah silsiladda antiparallel ee la yiraahdo deoxyribonucleic acid, taas oo la mid ah DNA la bedelay qaabka iyo taxanaha haraaga nukleotide. Taranka ee DNA dhacdaa inta lagu jiro interphase mitotic qaybsamidda unugga. Cudurka Deoxyribonucleic wuxuu ku urursan yahay koromosoomyada iyo chromatin. Kaddib marka la sameeyo qaabka loo yaqaan 'deoxyribonucleic acid' ah, qaab dhismeedkiisa labaad iyo tan jaamacadeed ayaa la sameeyaa. Laba qaybood ee deoxyribonucleic acid waa la isku xidhan by bonds hydrogen xukunkii complementarity. Qiyaasta DNA waxay ku dhacdaa nuclei ee unugyada.

Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan biosynthesis ee kooxaha kala duwan iyo noocyada RNA waa xeryaha macroerjiga: ATP, GTP, CTF iyo TTF. Ribonucleic acid waxaa lagu soo dhex gelin karaa iyaga oo la kaashanayo mid ka mid ah saddexdan qeybood ee kala ah: R DNA polymerase, polynucleotide-nucleotide-transferase iyo RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Marka hore kuwan ayaa ku jira nuclei dhammaan unugyada, sidoo kale laga helay mitochondria. RNA waxaa lagu soo saaraa matoor DNA ah iyadoo ay joogaan ribonucleoside triphosphates, Mangan iyo Magnesium ions. Rug-galka RNA ayaa la sameeyaa kaas oo udhexeeya sheyga DNA. Si taranka DNA dhacay nuclei loo sameeyay p-RNA, t-RNA iyo RNA-RNA iyo priming. Saddexda koowaad waxaa loo qaadaa cytoplasm, halkaasoo ay ka qaybgalaan biosynthesis protein.

Qiyaasta DNA waxay u dhacdaa ku dhawaad iyo sidoo kale tarjumaadda deoxyribonucleic acid. Gudbinta, iyo sidoo kale ilaalinta macluumaadka dhaxalka waxaa lagu fuliyaa laba marxaladood: qoraalka iyo tarjumaadda. Waa maxay hiddo-wadaha? Hooyadu waa unug muhiim ah kaas oo qayb ka ah unugyada deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA ee qaar ka mid ah fayrasyada). Waxa ku dhex jira koromosoomyada nuclei cell. Macluumaadka hiddaha ayaa laga soo wareejiyay DNA iyada oo loo marayo RNA ilaa borotiin. Qoraal waxaa lagu fuliyaa ee bu'da unugga iyo iska leh ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee mRNA on qaybaha taagoo acid deoxyribonucleic. Waa in la sheegaa in nukleotide astaamaha deoxyribonucleic acid "rewrites" ay ku jiraan qaabka nucleotide ee molecule i-RNA. polymerase RNA ku lifaaqan qaybta DNA dhigma, "unwinds" dhismeedkooda galool double iyo nuqul ka nucleotides acid deoxyribonucleic for lifaaqaaya mabda'a complementarity. Maaddaama jajabku uu dhaqaaqayo, silsiladda RNA-synthesized wuxuu ka dhaqaaqayaa matrixka, iyo helitaanka laban laab ee DNA ee ka dambeeya enzyme ayaa isla markiiba dib loo soo celiyay. Haddii polymerase RNA ay gaadho dhamaadka goobta la daabacay, RNA waxay ka baxdaa wejiga karyoplasm, ka dibna u guurto cytoplasm, halkaasoo ay ka qayb qaadato biosynthesis ee borotiinka.

Inta lagu jiro tarjumaadda, isugeynta nukleotide ee mammogel i-RNA waxaa loo tarjumay si taxane ah oo ah amino acid residues in molecule protein. Nidaamkani wuxuu ku dhacaa cytoplasm, halka RNA halkan ku midoobi, iyo daboolka ayaa la sameeyay.