Dhibaatada nin ee falsafada iyo fahamka ay nuxurka jiho falsafada kala duwan

Ahaanshaha iyo dunida hoose oo dadka ku hawlan cilmiga badan, laakiin ku saabsan ujeedada, meesha iyo nooca falsafada keliya ayaa qaba in dunida. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in dhibaatada nin ee falsafada waa mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay. Long tan iyo markii ay jiraan sharaxyo badan oo ka tirsan tartanka aadanaha. Xitaa wakhtiyadii hore ku kaftamay hadlay oo ku saabsan "biped oo aan baalal", halka Aristotle ayaa sheegay in ay aad u macneeyeen oo kooban - ninkii waa politikon a zoon, ie, xayawaan buuxa, taas oo aan ku noolaan karaa iyada oo aan warbaahinta bulshada. In Renaissance ah, Pico della Mirandola , in uu "Hadalka on nuxurka Aadamow," ayaa sheegay in uusan dadka meel gaar ah ee dunida iyo xuduudaha cad - waxay yihiin in ay weynaanta inay kacaan sare malaa'igaha, iyo mada uu ku dhici hoos ku jinniyada. Ugu dambeyntii, falsafo Faransiis existentialist Sartre loo yaqaan "jiritaanka, taas oo ka horreeyaa nuxurka" aadanaha, taasoo la micno ah in dadku ay u dhashay sida hay'ad noolaha, ka dibna noqdaan macquul ah.

ifafaale falsafada Man muuqataa inuu qabo sifooyin gaar ah. Man waa nooc ka mid ah "Mashruucan", isaga qudhiisuse wuxuu ku abuuraa. Sidaa darteed, waxay awoodaa ma aha oo kaliya in ay shaqada, laakiin sidoo kale in ay "is-abuurka", taas oo ah, isbedelka laftiisa, iyo is-aqoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nololeed iyo hawlaha aadanaha waa go'an oo xaddidan mar, in uu yahay seefta Damocles ku deldesheen oo iyaga u taliya. Man abuuraa ma naftooda oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale ah "nooca labaad", dhaqanka, si Heidegger u dhigay, "laban laabmay ku wajahan." Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu sheegay in Faylasuuf isla, waa "isagoo, taas oo u maleeyo in uu yahay Genesis." Iyo, ugu dambeyntii, ninkii soo rogay on dunida oo dhan ku wareegsan cabirka iyada. Xitaa Protagoras ayaa sheegay in nin waa qiyaastii wax kasta caalamka oo dhan, iyo faylosuufiinta ka Parmenides in Hegel isku dayay in la aqoonsado qabka iyo fikirka.

Dhibaatada Aadanaha oo falsafada ayaa sidoo kale marka la eego xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya qaybaha ah - in uu yahay, dunida hoose oo nin, iyo macrocosm ah - adduunka ku xeeran. In Ayurveda, Chinese iyo qadiimiga Falsafadda Giriigga nin ayaa la fahamsan yahay oo qayb ka ah Cosmos, kaliya Xisbiyada Mucaaradku "si" dabiiciga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qadiimiga pre-Socratics sida Diogenes of Abollooniya, Heraclitus, iyo Anaximenes oo lagu qabtay aragtiyo kala duwan, ee loo yaqaan "paralellizma" siinayo macrocosm, oo ku saabsan nin ay matalayaan ama calaamad u ah macrocosm ah. From postulate this ayaa bilaabay in ay horumariyaan cilmiga aadanaha naturalistic ah, nin dareeraha in meel (qof ka kooban tahay oo keliya oo ka mid ah xubno ka iyo waxyaabaha).

Dhibaatada nin ee falsafada iyo isku day si ay u xaliyaan waxa ay sidoo kale keentay in xaqiiqda ah in meel bannaan oo nooca bilaabeen inay fahmaan shabahaad, sida nool oo jidhka ruuxiga ah. fikrad Tani waxa lagu sheegay in ay mythologems cosmological ugu qadiimiga ah "World pracheloveka" (Purusha in Vedas Hindiya, Ymir ee Scandinavian ah "Edda" Pan Gu in falsafada Chinese, Adam Kadmon in Kabbalah Yuhuudda). Laga soo bilaabo tan kacay dabiiciga ah ee jidhka bini'aadamka, waxa kale oo uu leeyahay "Naf runtan" (la isku raacay in Heraclitus, Anaximander, Plato, Stoics), iyo dabeecadda this waxaa badanaa loo aqoonsaday la nooc ka mid ah ilaahnimadiisa makhluuqaadka. Aqoonta dunida ka marayso of view, marar badan u dhaqmo sida a is-aqoon. NeoPlatonists Space kala diri ee Roob iyo maskaxdaada.

Sayidka, joogitaanka jidhka bini'aadamka iyo naf (ama, more hufan, jidhka, nafta iyo ruuxa) waxa uu abuuray khilaaf kale oo lagu tilmaamay dhibaatada nin ee falsafada. Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah aragtida, nafta iyo jidhka - kuwani waa laba nooc oo kala duwan oo ah nuxurka ka mid ah (kuwa raacsan Aristotle ee), iyo sida uu kan kale - inay yihiin laba xaqiiqo oo kala duwan (raacsan Plato ayaa). In cilmiga transmigration naftiinna (caadiga ah Indian, Chinese, Masar iyo qayb Greek falsafada) ee soohdinta u dhaxaysa xayawaankii ay yihiin kuwo aad mobile, laakiin dabeecadda aadanaha oo kaliya in ay ku dadaalaan ee "xoreynta" ka harqoodka of wheel jiritaanka.

Dhibaatada nin ee taariikhda falsafad lagu arkay macnaha. nuxurka Vedanta Ayurveda nin oo ku baaqay in atman, in content gudaha ay mabda 'rabaani isku - iyo haaf Muslim ah. Waayo, Aristotle, ninkii - abuuray naftiinna a buuxa iyo kuwa awoodda u ah nolosha bulshada. falsafada Christian magacaabay qofka meel gaar ah - iyagoo ah "image oo u eg Ilaah", ayuu waqti isku mid ah ay sabab u tahay dayrta forked. In Renaissance ah, durba dadka ku wacdiyey madaxbannaani aadanaha. rationalism Yurub ee jeer casriga ah ayaa waxa ay hadal dhigyo of Descartes fikirka in - calaamad u ah jiritaanka. The yahanno ee qarnigii XVIII ah - Lamettrie Franklin - aqoonsaday miyir aadanaha iyadoo farsamo ama "xayawaanka, abuurista habka wax soo saarka." falsafada classical Jarmal fahamsan yahay sida ku nool sharafta aadanaha (gaar ahaan, Hegel ayaa sheegay in ninka - yada a horumarinta ee IDEA Absolute), iyo Marxism isku dayo in uu isu geeyo dabiiciga ah iyo bulshada ee qofka iyadoo la kaashanayo Maadiga lahjado. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in falsafadda qarnigii labaatanaad waxaa ku badan personalism, oo aan diirada ku saabsan "nuxurka" Aadamow, iyo in ay la aqonsado, asalnimada iyo shaqsi.