Sharciyeynta waxqabad ee falgalka iyo jidadkoodii

Sida unit ka mid ah arrinta ku nool, kuwaas oo u shaqeeya sida set oo ah hababka noolaha furan, cell waxaa si joogto ah la xidhiidhka maalkii deegaanka dibadda iyo tamarta. Si ay u ilaaliyaan homeostasis waxaa ku jirto koox ka mid ah walxaha gaarka ah ee dabiiciga ah protein - ensaymes. Qaab-dhismeedka, shaqada iyo qaanuunka dhaqdhaqaaqa of falgalka ka bartay Kiimikada noole laan gaar ah, enzymology yeedhay. In this article, iyadoo la isticmaalayo tusaalayaal la taaban karo, waxaanu ka fiirsan doonaa hababka iyo qaababka sharciyeynta waxqabad ee ensaymes soo jireenka ah ee nuujiya sare iyo aadanuhu kala duwan.

shuruudaha lagama maarmaanka u ah hawl enzyme fiicnayn

wakiilada bayoloji firfircoon in eegista saamayn labadaba reaction dhexgalkooda iyo cholesterol muujiyaan hantida horseed unugyada xaaladaha qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa muhiim ah si aad u ogaato waxa qayb ka ah unugyada qaadataa meel habka kiimikada, kaas oo ku lug leh ensaymes. compartmentation Sababo (kala qeybinta cytoplasm in ay goobahaasi) reactions nidaaam dhacaan qaybo kala duwan oo organelles.

Sayidka, Avv protein waa la fuliyay ee ribosomes iyo cholesterol - in hyaloplasm. Gacanta sharciyeynta dhaqdhaqaaqa of falgalka oo weyni tahay reactions lagmamaarmaanna u soo horjeeda, ma ahan oo keliya waxay bixisaa heerka socodka fiicnayn shiid, laakiin sidoo kale ka hortagtaa formation of tamarta wadooyinka dheefshiidka aan waxtar lahayn.

multienzyme adag

Ururka dhismayaasha iyo functional of falgalka ah, foomamka enzymatic unugyada unit. Inta badan dareen diidmo ah kiimikada qaada oo meel ku sugan yihiin xiriira. Haddii in wax soo saarka nidaamka kiimikada multistage cadaanyo ugu horeysay ee waa reactant ah oo dheeraad ah, haddii ay taasi ku, qorshaha aan ollogga ah ensaymes in gacanta lagu qeexay si gaar ah si xoog leh.

Waa in la xusuusnaado in ensaymes waa ay fudud dabiiciga ah ama borotiinka adag. Oo ay dareen in ay muhashada gacanta sabab ugu horrayn si ay isbedel in ay qaabeynta da'ayeen gaarka ah ee qaab-dhismeedka jaamacadeed ama quaternary of peptide ah. Falgalka iyo fal si ay isbedel ma aha oo kaliya in xuduudaheedu gacanta sida hyaloplasm Halabuurka kiimikada, fiirsashada ee reactants iyo waxyaabaha reaction, heerkulka, laakiin sidoo kale in ay isbadal unugyada deriska ama dheecaanka extracellular.

Maxaad cell qaybsan compartments

qalabka duur macquul ah oo macquul ah si fudud u la yaab leh. Tani waxay si buuxda u khusaysaa daliilka nolosha caan gacanta. Waayo, farmashiyaha saynisyahan arrin cad in falgalka kiimikada enzymatic multidirectional, tusaale ahaan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee glycolysis iyo glucose ma sii socon karto in tube isla. Sidee, ka dibna, horjeeda dhacdaa hyaloplasm falcelinta hal unug, taas oo substrate ee ay sameeyaan? Waxaa soo baxday in waxyaabaha gacanta - cytosol ah, - diidanyihiin habka kiimikada nidaaam la fuliyaa spatially kala foomamka go'doon loci - dhigan karo. Maaddaama ay dareen diidmo ay dheefshiidka ee nuujiya sare iyo aadanuhu ay nidaaminaya gaar ahaan hufan, iyo alaabta dheefshiidka waa la bedelay qaab galay, si fudud u guskiisa iyada oo derbiyada goobaha cell. Next, waxay soo celiyo qaab-dhismeedkoooda asalka ah. Waxa intaa dheer in cytosol ah, falgalka ku jira organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, xuduntii, lysosomes.

Doorka ensaymes ee Dheef tamarta

Tixgeli decarboxylation oxidative of pyruvate ah. Regulation dhaqdhaqaaqa fikraan of falgalka waxaa la si fiican u bartay enzymology. Marxaladani waxay lagmamaarmaanna meel mitochondria ah - organelles dvumembrannyh unugyada eukaryotic - iyo habka dhexe ee u dhexeeya glucose ka qaybsama anoxic iyo wareegga Krebs ah. Pyruvate adag dehydrogenase - qaadista - waxaa ku jira saddex enzyme. In nuujiya sare iyo Insiba yareeyo ay ka dhacaya la sii kordhaya fiirsashada of acetylsalisylsyre-CoA iyo Nath, ie in ay dhacdo fursado kale oo waxbarasho oo u taagoo of acetylsalisylsyre-CoA. Haddii gacanta u baahan yahay qaybo badan oo tamar iyo waxay u baahan tahay u taagoo aqbalana cusub oo dareen diidmo cod tricarboxylic wareegga acid, falgalka waxaa firfircoonaan.

Waa maxay Iscelin allosteric

Regulation hawsha of falgalka la fulin karo oo leh walxo gaar ah - inhibitors horseed. Waxay waxaa laga yaabaa in covalently lala enzyme loci gaar ah, Goldogob ay goobta firfircoon. Tani waxay keenaysaa in lahayo ku ah aan ollogga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka Hannaan iyo si toos ah waxaa weeyaan hoos u dhac ku hantida enzymatic. In si kale loo dhigo, waxaa jira xeer allosteric dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme. Waxaan sidoo kale ku dar in foomkan of tallaabo horseed ensaymes oligomeric soo jireenka ah, i.e. kuwa u taagoo ka kooban yihiin laba ama in ka badan subunits protein polymeric. Qaadista-adag looga hadlay horyaalka hore waxaa kaliya ka kooban yahay saddex enzyme oligomeric: dehydrogenase pyruvate, dehydrogenase iyo degidrolipoil gidrolipoil transatsetilazu.

falgalka sharciyeed

Research in Enzymology aasaasay xaqiiqda ah in heerka of falgalka kiimikada ku xiran tahay labada on fiirsashada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa of Hannaan ah. Inta badan, dariiqyada waaweyn ee dheefshiidka ku jira ensaymes in nidaaminaya heerka falcelinta ee goobaha oo dhan.

Waxaa loo yaqaan sharciyeed oo inta badan saameyn ku dareen-celinta hore ee dhismaha, iyo ka qayb qaadan kartaa in inta badan si kimikal gaabis ah in falcelin karin, ama ay ku biiraan reactants ee laanta dhibcood oo dariiqa ka dheefshiidka.

Sidee dhexgalka peptide ah

Mid ka mid ah habka by kaas oo sharciyeynta waxqabad enzyme dhacdaa gacanta waa dhexgalka protein-protein ah. Waa maxay? borotiinada Regulatory waxaa ku biireen in Britain eulayska, ku dheehan ay hawshooda u. Tusaale ahaan, enzyme cyclase adenylate ku yaal dushiisa gudaha xuubka unug oo laga yaabaa in qaab dhismeedka sida receptor hormone iyo peptide ka takhalusin iyo enzyme u dhexeeya falgalaan. Tan iyo markii ay keentay receptor hormone xarunta badala protein ay xaqiijin da'ayeen dhexe, habkan of hagaajinta guryaha horseed ee adenylate cyclase ee Kiimikada noole waxa loo yaqaan "dardargelinta goysiga sabab borotiinada sharciyeed."

Protomers iyo doorka ay ku Kiimikada noole

Kooxdaan walxaha, haddii kale loo yaqaan kinases protein, dardar-iibsiga ee anion ku PO ₄ ^3- amino acid gidroksogrupp tirsan macromolecule peptide ah. Regulation hawsha of protomers ensaymes waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa noo by oo tusaale u ah tyrosinkinashämmare protein A. Waxaa Britain - tetramer ka kooban yahay laba horseed iyo laba subunits sharciyeed iyo peptide ma shaqaynayaan sida Hannaan inta gobolka sharciyeed for protomer lifaaqan Britain afar xero. Taasina waxay keentaa in Isbadal dhismeedka ollogga ah borotiinada sharciyeed, taas oo horseedaysa in la sii daayo laba qayb protein shaqeysiin horseed, i.e. protomers dissociation. Haddii ka subunits sharciyeed ee Britain ayaa xerada oo kala duwan, tyrosinkinashämmare protein adag firfircoonayn mar kale soo celiyey tetramer ah, sida dhacdaa horseed Association iyo Qurub peptide sharciyeed. Sayidka, jidka sharciyeynta waxqabad enzyme kor ku wada hadleen bixiyaan ay dabiicadda karo.

Xeerarkii Chemical dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme

Kiimikada noole iyo bartay qaababka of regulation dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme, phosphorylation, dephosphorylation. hab ay of regulation dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme kiiskan uu leeyahay qaab soo socda: harta acid amino ee enzyme ka kooban OH ^-, bedesho-habeynta kiimikada ay sabab u tahay gaadhista fosfoproteinfosfataz. Xaaladdan oo kale, iyo hagaajinta kasteba si site firfircoon ee eulayska, kuna waari dhexdeeda ensaymes, sabab qaar ka mid ah waxaa iyaga kaakicin iyo kuwa kale - inhibitory. fosfoproteinfosfataz guryaha horseed isu yihiin nidaam hormoonnada markeeda. Tusaale ahaan, istaarijka xayawaanka - glycogen - iyo xaydha in u dhaxaysa xiliyada cuntada waa la dumiyey in mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka, ama in ka badan si hufan, ee malawadka sarkhaansan glucagons - enzyme ganaca.

Nidaamkan waxaa xoojinaya phosphorylation of falgalka iyo mindhicirka trophic. In muddo firfircoon ee dheefshiidka cuntada marka uu galo ka calool galay malawadka, Avv glucagons waa wanaajiyey. Insulin - mid ka mid enzyme ganaca soo saaray unugyada Alfa ah Islets of Langerhans ah, - macaamila receptor ah, oo ay ku jiraan phosphorylation of hab la mid ah ensaymes dheefshiidka.

proteolysis qayb

Sida aad arki karto, heerka of regulation dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme in gacanta kala duwanaayeen. Waayo, falgalka ka baxsan cytosol ama organelles (ee plasma dhiig ama in mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka), habka ay u hawlgelinta waa habka hydrolysis silsilado peptide CO-NH. Waxa loo baahan yahay, tan iyo falgalka sida yihiin dhexsameeysmo foomka firfircoonayn. Britain ayaa waxaa ku dhegay by qayb enzyme peptide iyo inta ka dhiman ku xiran yahay beddelid ee qaab-dhismeedka goobta firfircoon. Tani waxay keenaysaa in xaqiiqda ah in eulayska "waxaa ka mid ah xaaladda shaqo", taas oo ah, waa inay awoodaan inay saamayn koorsada of nidaamka kiimikada. Tusaale ahaan, ganaca ku enzyme firfircoonayn ma trypsinogen Cuskada borotiinka cuntada galaya malawadka. Waxay qaadataa meel ka yar tallaabada of proteolysis enteropeptidase. Ka dib markii taas enzyme la shaqeysiin iyo haatan kan la yidhaahdo trypsin. proteolysis Qayb - geeddi-socodka waa karo. Waxay dhacdaa mararka sida hawshooda u ah ee falgalka dumin polypeptides ee xinjirowga dhiigga.

Doorka fiirsashada oo ka mid ah qalabka laga bilaabo shiid gacanta

Regulation hawsha la heli karo substrate enzyme fiiriyey qayb ahaan Cinwaan xiriir "adag multienzyme." Heerka reactions horseed ka dhacaya dhowr marxaladood, waa sare ugu xiran yihiin tirada taagoo mid ah waxyaabaha la bilaabo waa in unugyada hyaloplasm ama organelles. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in xawaaraha jidka dheefshiidka waa si toos ah saamiyeed si ay u fiirsashada ah waxyaabaha bilaabo. The taagoo reactant weyn oo ku yaalla cytosol ah, sare xawaaraha oo dhan falgalka kiimikada ku xiga.

Xeerarkii allosteric

Ensaymes kuwaas oo waxqabad gacanta ma aha oo kaliya by-fiirsashada oo ka mid ah laga bilaabo qalabka, reagents, laakiin sidoo kale walxaha effector ah, lagu gartaa sharciyeynta si loo yaqaan allosteric. Inta badan ensaymes kuwaas waxaa lagu soo bandhigay iyadoo waxyaabaha dhexe shiid in gacanta. Sababo la effectors iyo dhaqan sharciyeynta waxqabad enzyme. Kiimikada noole muujiyeen in xeryahooda, loo yaqaan ensaymes allosteric ay yihiin kuwo aad muhiim u ah dheef ah ee unugyada, sida ay qabaan dareen ah ay aad u sarayso in isbedel ay homeostasis. Haddii eulayska hakiyo reaction kiimikada, ie waxaa yaraynaysaa ay xawaaraha - waxa loo yaqaan effector xun (inhibitor). Xaaladdan oo kale ka soo hor jeedda, marka ay jirto kordhay heerka falcelinta, ay timaado activator ah - effector wanaagsan. Xaaladaha intooda badan qalabka laga bilaabo, i.e. reactants galo isdhexgalka kiimikada ciyaari a activators door. Dabcan, badeecada la aasaasay by reactions multistage u dhaqmaan sida inhibitors. Noocan ah xeerka dhisay on xidhiidhka ka fiirsashada ee reactants iyo alaabta, lagu magacaabo heterotrophic.