Xagee uu ku dhexsameeysmo rRNA. RRNA Ribosomal RNA: soocista iyo sharaxaad ee qaab-dhismeedka

biology kelli ayaa baranayay ah dhismaha iyo shaqada u taagoo organic uu ka samaysan yahay unugyo nool oo dhirta, xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka. iyaga ka mid ah caan ah waxaa la siiyaa koox ka mid ah xarumaha loo yaqaan nucleic (nuclear) acids.

Waxaa jira laba nooc: acid deoxyribonucleic (DNA) iyo ribonucleic. Arintaan ayaa dhowr hab doorinta: mRNA, tRNA iyo rRNA, taas oo ku kala duwan yihiin oo ay shaqo iyo meel ka mid ah deegaamaynta ee gacanta. Maqaalkani waxa uu u hibeeyeen ilaa ay daraasadda ka mid ah su'aalaha soo socda: meesha uu ku dhexsameeysmo rRNA in prokaryotic iyo unugyada eukaryotic, waa maxay qaab-dhismeedkooda iyo macnaha.

macluumaadka taariikhiga ah

The Xusuuso marka hore sayniska ee ribosomal acid waxaa laga heli karaa waxbarashada by R. Weinberg iyo S. Penman ee 60-mada ay qarnigii XX, kuwaas oo ku tilmaamay Britain a polynucleotide gaaban la xiriira RNA, laakiin kala duwan qaabka iyo Kimikada da'ayeen Wehliyaha macluumaadka iyo RNA kala iibsiga. Inta badan, taagoo waxaa lagu helay in Halabuurka ee nucleolus ah, iyo organelles cell - ribosomes, mas'uul ka ah ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee protein gacanta. Waxay ahaayeen yeedhay ribosomal (Ribosomal RNA).

Soocista ee RNA

Ribonucleic acid, sida DNA, waa polymer ah oo monomers waa nucleotides 4 nooc: adenayn, gu'anayn, uracil iyo cytidine xiran bonds phosphodiester ee u taagoo hal-ku xayiran dheer, qaloocdo galay muquuninta ah isagoo ka sii adag ama conformation. Waxaa kaloo jira double-ku xayiran Ribosomal RNA dhaca fayrasyada RNA iyo nuqul hawlaha DNA: dayactirka iyo gudbinta sifooyin kala dhaxlo.

Saddex nooc oo acids helay unug inta badan waa: shax, ama warbixin, RNA gaadiidka Ribosomal RNA, taas oo ku xiran yihiin acids amino, iyo sidoo kale ribosomal acid, oo ku yaalla ka nucleolus iyo cytoplasm ee gacanta.

RNA Ribosomal waa qiyaastii 80% ee acids ribonucleic in cell iyo 60% of mass ee ribosome ah - organelle, Avv borotiinka gacanta. Dhammaan noocyada kor ku xusan waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka (guuriyeen) in gobollada qaar ka mid ah DNA, hiddo-RNA kuwan. Inta lagu guda jiro ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee Britain ayaa ku lug enzyme gaar ah - polymerase RNA. Place in gacanta, halkaas oo uu ku dhexsameeysmo rRNA - waa nucleolus ah, taas oo ku saabsan core karyoplasm ah.

Nucleolus, doorkeeda in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee

In unugyada nool, loo yaqaan wareeg gacanta la kala saaro ay kooxihii - interphase. Wakhtigan, ee bu'da unugga meydadka cufan dhismeedka granular yeedhay nucleoli iyo waa qayb muhiim ah oo unugyada cuntada iyo duunyoba yihiin iyo sidoo kale arki karo.

In biology kelli, waxaa la ogaaday in nucleoli waa organelles meesha rRNA uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka. baaritaan dheeraad ah keentay in meelaha Cytology daahfurka ee DNA unug taas oo hiddo ayaa mas'uul ka ah qaabka iyo Avv acids ribosomal la helay. Waxay ahaayeen yeedhay qabanqaabiyaha nucleolar.

qabanqaabiyaha nucleolus

Ilaa 60-mada ay qarnigii XX bayoolaji ahaa opinion in qabanqaabiyaha nucleolus, ku yaalaan on goobta of Cidhiidh sare ah 13, 14, 15, 21 iyo 22 ee koromosoom lammaane, ayaa qaab hal site a. Cilmi lug ku leh daraasaddan burburka koromosoom, loo yaqaan aberrations, ayaa lagu ogaaday in koromosoomyada ah farqiga waqti goobta of Cidhiidh sare waxaa la aasaasay nucleoli kasta oo qaybo ay.

Sidaas darteed, soo socda waxaa lagu soo saari karaa: qabanqaabiyaha nucleolus ka kooban tahay mid ka mid ma aha, laakiin dhowr loci (hiddo) ayaa masuul ka ah formation of nucleolus. Waxaa dhexdeeda ku dhexsameeysmo rRNA Ribosomal RNA la xirrira organelles cell subunit protein-synthesizing - ribosomes.

Waa maxay ribosome ah?

Sida hore u soo sheegnay, dhammaan saddexda nooc ee ugu weyn RNA jira gacanta, halkaas oo ay ku dhexsameeysmo jirka meelaha qaarkood - hiddo-DNA. The keentay RNA ribosomal kaxeynayo qaab qoraal la borotiinada - subunits RNPs kuwaas oo qayb muhiim ah oo organelles mustaqbalka, si loo yaqaan. Iyada oo daloolada in xuub nuclear galay cytoplasm ah, ay u guuraan oo ay u sameeyaan qaab midaysan dhexdeeda, oo ka kooban ee Britain iyo weli-RNA iyo t-RNA, loo yaqaan polysomes.

Ribosome naftooda oo kala duwan waxaa laga yaabaa in ay tallaabo ka mid ah udhigo calcium iyo jira qaab subunits oo kala duwan. nidaamkan oo kale dambe ka dhacdaa dhigan of cytoplasm cell halkaas oo geeddi turjumaad dhacaan - oo u taagoo ururinayo borotiinada gacanta. unugyada firfircoon culus dal-shiid dhexdeeda, ka badan uu ka kooban yahay ribosomes. Tusaale ahaan, unugyada dhuuxa lafta, hepatocytes iyo xoolaha laf aadanaha gartaa tiro badan oo ka mid ah organelles gudahood cytoplasm ah.

Sidee hidda waxaa encoded rRNA?

Iyada oo ku saleysan ku qorani, qaab dhismeedka, noocyada iyo shaqada hiddo rRNA ku xiran qabanqaabiyaha nucleolar. Waxay waxaa lagu abaabulaa loci kooban hiddo-sireed, waayo, RNA ribosomal. O. Miller, cilmi-qabashada ee unugyada Newt ovogenesis, farsamo hawlaha dhismay hiddo kuwan. Tan iyo markii ay ku dhexsameeysmo nuqulo ka mid ah rRNA (ee loo yaqaan transkriptanty hoose) ay ku jirto oo ku saabsan 13h103 nucleotides iyo Wehliyaha Kimikada 45 S. a Markaas, circuit this waxaa la qabtaa nidaamka ku fulan foomka saddex taagoo of p-RNA horgalaha Kimikada ah ee 5.8 S, 28 S afjaridda, iyo 18 S.

hab ay of formation of p-RNA

Ku soo noqoshada tijaabo Miller oo baaritaan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee RNA ribosomal oo muujisay in DNA waxay u adeegtaa sida hannaankii nucleolar (shaxda) ee formation of p-RNA - transkriptanta. Waxa uu sidoo kale lagu ogaaday in tirada ay u taagoo polymerase RNA enzyme ku xiran tahay tirada acids qaan ribosomal (pre-rRNA), taas oo loo sameeyay. Markaas koriinkedu (processing), iyo p-RNA taagoo bilaabaan isla markiiba loo xidho peptides ah, natiijadu waa ribonucleoprotein a - dhismaha wax ribosome.

Maqaallo acids ribosomal unugyada eukaryotic

Lahaanshaha mabaadi'da guud iyo qaab-dhismeedka guud ee ah hababka functional of ribosomes prokaryotic iyo noolaha nuclear weli kala duwan tsitomolekulyarnye. Si ay u helaan, cilmi-waxbarasho loo isticmaalo habka loo yaqaan falanqaynta X-ray. Waxa la ogaaday in baaxadda ribosome ku eukaryotic iyo halkan p-RNA ka mid ah waxa ku jira, iyo Wehliyaha Kimikada weyn of 80 organelle S., badiyay udhigo magnesium, loo kala saari karaa laba subunits la tilmaamayaasha 60 S iyo 40 S. kooban walxaha Small mid ka mid ah Britain of acid iyo ballaaran - saddex, i.e. unugyada nucleated ku jira ribosomes, oo ka kooban 4 polynucleotide helices acid soo socda sifooyinka: 28 s RNA - 5 kun nucleotides, 18 s - 2 kun oo 5 s - 120 nucleotides, 5, .. 8 S - 160. qaybta meesha rRNA uu ku dhexsameeysmo unugyada eukaryotic - a disintegrations nucleolus been in xuduntii karyoplasm.

prokaryotes RNA Ribosomal

Si ka duwan p-RNA unugyada nucleated gudahood, bakteeriyada acids ribonucleic ribosomal waxaa soo guuriyeen on qaybta Tifaftirayaasha ee cytoplasm DNA kooban oo wuxuu u yeedhay nucleoid. Waxaa ku jira ka hiddo rRNA. Heshiis, dabeecad guud kaas oo lagu matalayay kartaa macluumaad habka muqato la hiddo-p-RNA ee isku xigxiga DNA ee ribosomal complementarity nucleotide acid ribonucleic la sharciyada code hidaha: nukleoitid adenayn dhiganta uracil, iyo gu'anayn - saytosayn.

bakteeriyada R-RNA haysataa miisaan hoose kelli iyo cabbir yar unugyada nucleated. Ay Kimikada Wehliyaha S 70, iyo labada subunits leeyihiin tilmaamayaasha 50 S iyo 30 S. walxaha The yar waxaa ku jira mid ka mid ah Britain ee p-RNAs, iyo ballaaran - laba.

Doorka acid ee ribonucleic inta lagu guda jiro turjumaad

Shaqada ugu weyn ee rRNA waa in la siiyo geeddi-socodka ah ee biosynthesis of protein cell - LIVE. Waxaa keliya oo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen ribosomes kooban rRNA. wada biir kooxaha, Waxay isku xidhxidhaan in Britain DNA macluumaadka la xirrira siyaasadda ah. in ay ka cytoplasm unugyada gaadiidka Britain acids ribonucleic ribosomal haboon sita acids amino, taas oo, mar polysomes wada lala by bonds peptide si ay u sameeyaan polymer a - borotiin. Isagu waa ugu muhiimsan unugyada xarunta organic qabtaan hawlo badan oo muhiim ah: dhismaha, gaadiidka, tamarta, enzyme, ammaanka iyo seylaanyenta.

Maqaalkani waxa uu baarayaa qaabka dabeecad iyo sharaxaad ee acids nucleic ribosomal waa biopolymers unugyada organic dhirta, xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka.