Goobta firfircoon ee eulayska: Qaabkadhismeedka, guryaha. Yaa helay goobta firfircoon ee eulayska? Waa maxay waxa loo yaqaan goobta firfircoon ee eulayska?

Waxaynu dhammaan wada maqalnay of falgalka, laakiin waa lagama yaabo in mid kasta oo inaga mid ah si fiican oga waxaa lagu abaabulaa walxaha kuwan, iyo sababta loo baahdo. article Tani waxay kaa caawin doontaa in la fahmo qaabka iyo hawlaha ensaymes (ensaymes) guud ahaan, iyo xarumaha ay firfircoon si gaar ah.

cilmi taariikhda

In 1833, farmashiyaha Faransiis Anselme Payen aqoonsado iyo sharaxo sifooyinka amylase eulayska.

A dhowr sano ka dib, Louis Pasteur, barashada diinta ee sonkor galay khamriga ku lug khamiir, soo jeediyay in habka this waxaa sabab u ah kiimikada uu ka samaysan yahay khamiirka.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX physiologist ugu horeysay ee Villi Kyune asal ahan "enzyme" ereyga.

Jarmal Eduard Buchner ee 1897 aqoonsaday oo ku tilmaamay zymase - adag enzyme in catalyzes beddelidda ee sucrose galay reaction ethanol. In dabiiciga ah zymase in tirada weyn ee khamiirka.

Lama oga goorta iyo kuwa furay goobta firfircoon ee eulayska. daahfurka Tani waxaa lagu tiriyaa la Nobel horumoodka farmashiyaha Edaurdu Buchner, nin cilmiga nafleyda barta American James Sumner iyo aqoonyahanno kale oo si fiican u yaqaan kuwaas oo ka shaqeeyey on daraasadda of catalysis enzymatic.

macluumaad guud oo ku saabsan ensaymes

Xusuuso in ensaymes - walxaha dabiiciga ah protein, taasoo qabtaan hawlo ku nool noolaha Xoojiya of falgalka kiimikada. enzyme waxay leedahay qaybo kaas oo ma si toos ah ay ka qayb qaataan waxa ku jira, socodka falcelinta bixisaa xarunta firfircoon ee eulayska.

Halkan waxaa ku qoran qaar ka mid ah sifooyinka ensaymes:

1) Karti. qadar yar oo ah kaaliya ku filan si loo dardar-reaction kiimikada ee 10 ⁶ jeer ah.

2) cayimidda. Mid ka mid ah enzyme ma aha Hannaan universal ficil kasta oo unug. Waayo, enzyme muujiyay cayimayo garoomada: enzyme kasta catalyzes oo keliya hal ama dhowr falcelinta la mid ah la muhashada (feed reactant ah), laakiin reagents kale kiimiko nooca la mid ah, enzyme waxaa laga yaabaa in aan waxtar lahayn. Dhexgalka la muhashada habboon iyo xawaaraha dheeraad ah falcelinta bixisaa xarunta firfircoon ee eulayska.

3) Clear Activity. dhaqdhaqaaqa enzyme ee gacanta waxaa si joogto ah la beddelo ka yar yahay in sare.

4) Urursanaanta of falgalka qaarkood in gacanta ma aha joogto ah iyo kala duwanaan karaa iyadoo ku xiran xaaladaha dibadda. falgalka noocan oo kale ah ee loo yaqaan biology inducible.

dirka ensaymes

In ay qaab-dhismeedka, ensaymes ee waxa loo qaybin karaa mid fudud oo adag. Simple ka kooban yahay si gaar ah ku harta acid amino, waa koox aan protein adag oo walxaha. coenzymes Complex yeedhay.

By nooc ka mid ah enzyme waxay sababeen reactions kala qaybsan yihiin:

1) Oxidoreductases (weyni tahay falcelinta redox).

2) Transferases (wareejiyo kooxaha gooni ah oo atamka).

3) Lyases (bonds kiimikada ku dhegtaan).

4) Lipase (foomka la xidhiidha in dareen diidmo ah ay sabab u tahay tamarta ee ATP).

5) Isomerases (uchuvstvuyut reactions interconversion of isomers).

6) Hydrolases (weyni tahay falgalka kiimikada by dheefshiidka la bonds).

enzyme Qaabdhismeedka

Insaymkaas - adag qaab-dhismeedka saddex geesood ah, oo ka kooban inta badan amino acid harta. Sidoo kale waxaa jira group laga bedalay - qayb ka mid ah dabeecadda non-protein, ee la xidhiidha ee ku harta amino acid.

Falgalka - borotiinada inta badan globular in lagu dari karaa in hababka adag. Sida walxaha kale proteinaceous, falgalka waxaa denatured by sii kordhaya heerkulka ama gaadhista kiimikada qaar ka mid ah. Inta lagu guda jiro denaturation kala duwan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka enzyme jaamacadda iyo sidaas sifooyinka xarunta firfircoon ee falgalka ah. Sidaas darteed, hawl eulayska si weyn hoos.

substrate Catalyzed inta badan waa uga yar yahay enzyme laftiisa. enzyme ugu fudud ee uu ka kooban yahay iyo lixdan harta amino acid, iyo xarunta firfircoon - laba kaliya.

Waxaa jira ensaymes acids site horseed amino oo aan matalayo, oo ah koox bedalay organic, ama (marar badan) imanba asal - cofactor.

Fikradda ah goobta firfircoon

Qayb yar oo enzyme kaliya toos ah ugu lug falgalka kiimikada. Tani waxay qayb ka mid ah eulayska yaqaanno meesha firfircoon. Goobta firfircoon ee eulayska - egyahay a, a harta amino acid yar ama koox bedalay, oo xidhana in substrate ah iyo catalyzes falcelinta. The harta amino acid of site firfircoon waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ka tirsan yihiin wax kasta oo acids amino - horjeeda, nonpolar, oo lagu eedeeyay, beduliyum uncharged.

Xarunta firfircoon enzyme (egyahay this, acids amino iyo waxyaabaha kale ee awood u leh ficil la reagents ah) - qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee eulayska, oo aan walxahan waxay noqon lahayd waxtar lahayn.

Sida caadiga ah, Britain enzyme wuxuu leeyahay mid kaliya site firfircoon, ku qabanaya la mid ah ama ka badan reagents la mid ah. The harta amino acid of xarunta firfircoon sameeyay hydrogen, bonds hydrophobic ama covalent, la xirrira adag enzyme-substrate ah.

Dhismaha xarunta firfircoon

Goobta firfircoon ee ensaymes, fudud oo adag waa jeebka ama booska. Tani qaab-dhismeedka ee xarunta firfircoon ee enzyme waa geometrically iyo electrostatically substrate ah isaga waafaqsanaynina, tan iyo isbeddel ku dhismeedka jaamacadda ee enzyme beddelaan laga yaabaa in goobta firfircoon.

Qabanaya oo horseed xarunta - meelaha xarunta firfircoon ee eulayska. Sida iska cad, goobta ku qabanaya "jeeg" waafaqid substrate, waxaana la xidhiidh la leh, iyo xarunta horseed waxaa toos ah ugu lug falcelinta.

Ku qabanaya xarunta firfircoon ee substrate ah

In si ay u sharxaan sida site firfircoon ee enzyme la xiriira reagent gaar ah, dhowr aragtiyood oo lagu soo jeediyay. The ugu caansan iyaga ka mid ah - aragti Fisher ayaa, waa aragti ah "qufulka iyo furaha". Fisher soo jeediyay in ay jirto enzyme ah haboon in substrate kasta ee guryaha ay jirka iyo kiimikada. Ka dib markii formation of beddelka wax ma dhici adag enzyme-substrate.

Aqoonyahan kale oo American - Daniel Koshland - daray malo Fisher ah aragtida ah in goobta firfircoon ee eulayska ka badali karo conformation ilaa iyo inta aan ku haboonayn substrate gaar ah.

The kinetics of falcelinta enzymatic

reaction Features enzymatic barataa Kiimikada noole ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay - kinetics enzyme. Tani gaar ahaan cilmiga sayniska ee falcelin ku uruureen kala duwan ee falgalka iyo muhashada, ku tiirsanaanta ee heerka falcelinta on heerkulka gudaha cell iyo sifooyinka site firfircoon ee falgalka ku xiran tahay xuduudaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee dhexdhexaad ah.

kinetics Insaymkaas shaqeeya fikradaha sida heerka fal-celin, tamarta dardargelinta, caqabad dardargelinta, hawl kelli, hawl gaar ah iyo kuwa kale. Tixgeli qaar ka mid ah fikradaha kuwan.

In ay jirto dareen-noolaha, reagents lagama maarmaanka ah si ay u gudbiyaan tamarta qaar ka mid ah. tamarta Tan waxaa lagu magacaabaa tamarta hawlgelinta.

Intaa waxaa dheer ee enzyme si reactants si loo yareeyo tamarta hawlgelinta. Qaar ka mid ah walxaha fal on aan ka qaybgalka ensaymes, tan iyo tamarta hawshooda u yahay mid aad u sareeya. hoganaya reaction ma baddalo dheeriga ah ee eulayska.

heerka falcelinta - cadadka alaabta reaction muuqday ama la waayay oo wakhtiga unugga.

Tiirsanaanta of xawaare reaction on fiirsashada substrate tiro jirka dimensionless ku tilmaamay - joogta Michaelis.

Activity kelli - tirada taagoo substrate in ay diinta ka mid ah Britain ee enzyme halkii mar unit.