Carboxylic acid

xarunta organic Chemical, kuwaas oo u taagoo leedahay ugu yaraan hal koox carboxyl in ay qaab-dhismeedka (waxaa la safan carbonyl - group functional of aldehydes iyo ketones, iyo hydroxyl - group functional khamriga) helay magaca caadi ah - carboxylic acid. Formula iyaga matali karaa sida R-COOH, halkaas R waa koox functional hydrocarbon monovalent ah. Kasta acid carboxylic, in la barbardhigo ugu acids imanba, tabar iyo dhameystirneyn-socodyo galay udhigo.

Sida tusaalooyinka fudud yihiin formic (methane) H-COOH acid. Magaca waxaa loola jeedaa in taariikhda ugu horeysa ee ay la helo 1670 of Qudhaanjadu cas naturalist Ingiriisi John Ray. acid The carboxylic adigoo laba ama in ka badan kooxaha carboxyl waxaa loogu yeedhi doonaa dibasic (dicarboxylic), tribasic (ama tricarboxylic) iyo wixii la mid ah. Tusaale ahaan ugu fudud waa acid oxalic iyo C2H2O4 formula ay, in Britain ka taas oo ka kooban laba kooxood carboxyl. Sida shestiosnovnoy keeni kartaa mellitic (geksakarbonovuyu) acid, ay C12H6O12 formula. Britain waxaa ku jira lix kooxood carboxyl lagu bedelay in a atamka hydrogen giraanta benzene.

acids organic sida caadiga ah laga helo ee dabiiciga ah. Tusaale ahaan, geksakarbonovaya acid ku jira dhagaxyo malab helay lignites).

Waxaa jira xeryahooda badan oo muhiim ah dabiiciga ah ee fasalka. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid acid qaarna C6H8O7 (matalaa dhowr daro cuntada E330-E333), kaas oo markii hore laga helay casiirka liinta bislaan in 1784 by farmashiistaha Swedish K. Scheele. Tartaric acid C4H6O6 waa daro cuntada E334). Tani acid carboxylic si weyn loo qaybiyey ee dabiiciga ah. Waxaa ku jira casiir cusub oo midhaha badan.

Haddii aan ka fiirsan wax taxane homologous xeryahooda organic, waxaa ku jira isbedel joogto ah ee guryaha la sii kordhaya miisaanka kelli. The sifooyinka xarunta kasta ku xiran tahay qaab-dhismeedka taagoo, in uu yahay, in siyaabo badan qeexayaa isomerism acids ay carboxylic. The wakiillo ka koowaad ee taxanaha homologous soo sameeyey acid formic, oo ay ku jiraan acetic iyo Propionic, waxaa loola jeedaa in dareere ah. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa caraf pungent iyo diyaar yihiin L. biyo. The wakiillo sare jira cunnooyinka adkaha ah aan baabbi'isaa biyaha.

guryaha kiimikada ee acids carboxylic waxaa intooda badan lagu go'aamiyaa saameynta ay kooxda carbonyl si group hydroxyl ah. Sidaa darteed, xeryahooda, kuwaas oo, in la barbardhigo alcohols ah, waxay leeyihiin dabeecad acid fahmayaan.

Tusaale ahaan, in xal aqueous, ay beri laga yaabaa udhigo, taas oo daliil u ah in midabaynta dareeraha ka dib isagoo intaa ku daray cas adag. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka siifilisku hydrogen. Taasi waa, dhexdhexaad ah ee xal ay aqueous waa acidic (pH ka yar 7).

Marka la dhaqanka biraha ama saldhig awood u sameynta cusbada acid carboxylic: 2CH3-COOH + mg → (CH3-qaboobaan) 2Mg + H2 ↑.

acids organic sidoo kale galaan falgalka kiimikada la carbonates, barakiciyay carbonic acid: 2CH3-COOH + MgCO3 → (CH3-qaboobaan) 2Mg + H2O + CO2 ↑.

Waxay diyaar fal la ammonia si ay u sameeyaan cusbada: CH3-COOH + NH3 → CH3-COONH4.

The guryaha acidic xoojinayso markii acids organic joogaan ee xagjirka ah ee la substituent saamayn yeelista xun. Tusaale ahaan, tallaabada ah chlorine in acetic acid waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah uu bedelay mid ka mid ah la eb hydrogen of atamka chlorine iyo helidda acid chloroacetic, dichloroacetic acid, ka dibna trichloroacetic acid, waxaa jira kor u kac wayn ee guryaha ay acidic.

Kasta acid carboxylic waxaa laga heli karaa siyaabo dhowr ah. Kuwa ugu badan waa habka, kaas oo ku salaysan falcelinta ee lagu qayilo. Sida amarka bilowga ah ee reactants alcohols ama aldehydes. Hab kale oo ka mid ah soo saara acids organic waa hydrolysis ee nitriles dal by iyaga kulaylinta la acids macdanta la badhxay.