Sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics

Xataa in times hore waxaa la ogaaday hannaankii qaybinta kulaylka: kulaylka degna ka jidhka kulul guurto laga yaabaa in heerkulka sare si kulul yar. The labaad sharciga ah thermodynamics, oo uu sharaxayaa habka this la ogaaday by tijaabo. Markii ugu horeysay waxaa lagu xusay in ay 1824 S. Carnot, injineer Faransiis, kuwaas oo loo aqoonsaday sida iyo waxa xaaladda dabka si aad shaqo u faa'iido maray ee mashiinada waqtiga. In dhexe ee qarnigii XIX ku salaysan cilmiga Jarmalka Rudolf Clausius ka diyaariyey xukunka, oo hadda loo yaqaan sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics. Its nuxurka waa in kulaylka marnaba aado jirka ah ka sii kulul ka kulul ka yar degna, ie wareejinta kulaylka jidhka leh heerkulka sare waa in la magdhow by ah korontada dibadda. Tusaale ahaan, nidaamka qaboojiye. Later, William Thomson iyo qaar ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta kale si ay u caddeeyaan ereyada sharciga.

Mabda 'Tani waa in la fahamsan yahay ka sii baahsan badan ee daaweynta ee Rudolf Clausius. Qaado, tusaale ahaan, hawlgalka qaab beddelidda galay kulaylka. Waxaa laga been abuurtay xoog khilaaf ah. Marka shaqada waxaa loo turjumay kulaylka si buuxda, iyada oo aan dhammaan dadaalka dheeraadka ah oo magdhow. Reconversion iniinahoodu ku dhex jiraan wax aan macquul aheyn. Wareejinta kulaylka keentay shaqo - waa habka macmal ah, ie, u baahan, xaaladaha gaarka ah kiimikaysan diyaarin.

Guud ahaan, sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics, qaabeeyey mabaadi'da iyo jihada of socodka geedi socodka dabiiciga ah. Socota ka, waxaa lagu sharaxi karaa howlgalka of tiro ka mid ah qalabka. Sayidka, matoorada kulaylka shaqeeyaan by farqiga u heer-kulka by taas oo kulaylka waxaa laga soo wareejiyay kulul si meelaha qabow ah - ka teplootdatchika in saxanka kulaylka. Xaaladdan oo kale, hufnaanta qalabka ma noqon karo mid ka mid boqolkiiba boqol. In uu yahay, oo dhan ma kulaylka waxaa beddelay shaqada, laakiin qayb uun ka mid ah. Tani waxay qayb ahaan fasiraad u noqon karta xaqiiqda ah in si loo abuuro mashiinka mooshin weligeed ah (labaad-si) waa mabda 'aan macquul aheyn. In si kale loo dhigo, marna ku abuurta qalab in la raaci doono si buuxda oo aan wax magdhow ah jeestay kulaylka shaqo. Iyada oo ku saleysan kor ku xusan, saynisyahano R. Clausius iyo W. Thompson aqoonsaday Soon ee labaad waxaa soddog u ahaa thermodynamics. Waa midda koowaade, degna kululeeyo aan dhaqaajin karin kulaylka ka yar si ay jirkooda ka diiran, marka labaad, oo dhan ma kulaylka laga teplootdatchika in saxanka kulaylka faray, galaa shaqo waxtar leh, laakiin kaliya qayb ka mid ah oo dhanba. Waxaa kaloo jira dhowr daawooyinka la mid ah, taas oo guud ahaan laga fekerayo ah ee kor ku xusan. Going ka teploperedatchika in saxanka kulaylka, tamarta uusan baabi'i, si sharciga ilaalinta tamarta guud ahaan ma aha lid ku ah sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics. waxaa qeexaya waxaa la sameeyey by dhowr saynisyahano iyo waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr dhibcood ugu weyn, kuwaas oo ka wada hadlay in this article.

Geedi socodka la xidhiidha diinta tamarta, degna qulquli karaa oo kaliya haddii ay dhacdo haddii tamarta ee foomka xoog ku kala firdhiyey maray. Mid ka mid ah awoodaha ugu muhiimsan ee soo jireenka ah si aadanuhu iyo biosphere ah, la lafaguro - awood u leh inay hoos u entropy. Ereyga dambe ka dhigan tahay saamiga of qadarka kulaylka qiimaha heerkul ah, nooc ka mid ah qiyaas fowdo iyo waxa uu la xidhiidhaa oo luma awoodda nidaamka si ay u qabtaan shaqo gaar ah, marka la beddelo mugga nidaamka ama entropy tamarta ay hoos u.

In 1865, R. Clausius dambeyntii diyaariyey sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics. Entropy, by ay qeexidda, waxaa kor u kacay marka nidaamka nonequilibrium xiran dhici geedi lama filaan ah.

sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics keceen waxa loogu yeero mabda 'ee Silanyo dhawrista; marka lagu daro, wuxuu - isha Lindemann Law ah, kaas oo sharxaya mabaadii'da wareegga ah ee tamarta ee hannaanka deegaameed. Wuxu tilmaamay in ay ka mid-pointedness (transience) dhaca dabiiciga ah ee geedi socodka lama filaan ah. In wuxuu daankii ku waafaqsan, tamarta la beddelay kulaylka iyo kulaylka waxaa loo wareejiyey meeldhexaadka ah ka jirka kulul, taas oo horseedaysa ek'eysiiyo ee heerkulka ee heerka hoose, ee natiijo ah taas oo ah in la joojiyo dhammaan noocyada of foomamka codsiga, ama wixii la mid ah. N. "Dhimasho Heat". Haddii in ay ku hadlaan af cad oo sahlan, nuxurka sharciga labaad ee thermodynamics waa: oo dhan lama filaan ah, geedi socodka dabiiciga ah afjaro rabshado iyo nabaadguurka. Tani waxa loo qeexi karaa by tusaale ahaan soo socda: haddii guriga sanado badan inuu ka tago oo aan ciidan, waxa ay bilaabi doonaan in si tartiib tartiib ah hoos u, burburkii.