Photosynthesis in dhirta iyo qaababka ay

photosynthesis warshad waa hab jirka-lagmamaarmaanna u adag by kaas oo dhirta badalo tamarta electromagnetic, taas oo ah in ay rays qoraxda galay tamarta kiimikada loo isticmaalay in xeryahooda organic. The salaysan habka this waa falgalka kiimikada silsilad redox, iyadoo ay sabab u taasoo electrons wareejiyo ka wakiilka deeq-dhimista, taas oo ah hydrogen, iyo biyo, si ay aqbalana ah, waa oxidant ah. In foomka carbohydrates iyo O2 la sii daayo inta lagu guda jiro lagu qayilo biyaha.

Warshad Photosynthesis ayaa laba talaabo oo isku xigta. Wejiga kowaad waxaa lagu magacaabaa nuurka (photochemical). Marka marxaladdan, tamarta iftiinka u galmada waxaa beddelay tamarta kiimikada xiriir xeryahooda-tamar sare, iyo sidoo kale reductant a universal. In talaabada labaad, isagoo mugdi ah magaca (jirka) ka tamarta kiimikada ee wakiilka yaraynta iyo loop a pass guud u qardarin iyo yaraynta of carbon dioxide, ku dheehan yahay carbohydrates loo sameeyay helay. farsamo photosynthetic kala tallaabo iftiinka iyo mugdiga ma aha oo kaliya in waqti laakiin sidoo kale in meel bannaan oo. stage Light meel diinta tamarta ah xuubka thylakoid gaar ah, halka reactions madow dhacaan ama stroma chloroplast ah, ama in cytoplasm ah.

Photosynthesis iyo Neefta warshad ku salaysan tahay nuugista ee quanta iftiin, halkaas oo doorka ugu weyn waxaa la ciyaaray by spectrum nuugista chlorophyll oo ka mid ah gobolka la arki karo, iyo ku daraa proximal qayb infrared iyo gobollada ultraviolet. Midabka ugu weyn ee dhirta oo dhan si ay u fuliyaan photosynthesis waa chlorophyll ah. algae Green, Muuse iyo dhirta vascular badan yihiin iyo chlorophyll b, taas oo Ballaariyay spectrum iftiinka nuugo. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada algae ku jira chlorophyll c iyo d. Waxa intaa dheer in chlorophyll, ee geedi socodka of nuugista iftiinka ayaa sidoo kale carotenoids lug iyo phycobilins.

Ka dib markii nuugista iftiinka dhacdaa tallaabo photochemical, taas oo ay ku lug leeyihiin laba nooc oo aan photosystem iyo II (PS1 iyo PS2). Mid kasta oo ka APS waxay ka kooban tahay xarunta reaction, kuna waari dhexdeeda soociddiisa lacag dhacdaa, silsilad gaadiidka korontada, halkaas oo lagu qayilo electron ah, iyo set oo ah qaybaha in uu fuliyo geedi socodka of photooxidation oo biyo ah iyo dib u soo noolaynta ee xarunta falcelinta. In xarumaha reaction tamarta iftiinka galmada la beddelay kiimikada, ka dibna electrons ka guurto sida ay Wehliyaha ee ka iman kara electrochemical, dhismaha silsilad gaadiidka electron ee photosynthesis ah.

Photosystem II nooca qabata reaction photooxidation oo biyo ah, oon la xirrira oxygen iyo protons H +. geedi socodka gaadiidka electron photosynthetic isku midka ah qaadataa meel proton kala iibsiga ka chloroplast galay gobolka intrathylakoid. Falcelinta keentay saaro NADPH iyo ATP, kuwaas oo ah waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee photosynthesis. Intaas waxaa sii dheer photosynthesis ee dhirta ka dhigan falcelinta enzymatic taas oo carbon dioxide ka borotiinada, carbohydrates iyo dufanka helay. Haddii dheef mugdiga non-carbohydrate ayaa directivity, ee acids amino sameeyay, xeryahooda organic iyo borotiinada.

geeddi socodka dheefshiidka nooca qardarin CO2 kala qaybsan yihiin C3, C4 iyo photosynthesis Cam. Sayidka carbohydrates, taas oo loo sameeyay on marxaladda mugdiga ah ee photosynthesis ee chloroplasts lagu shubo laga yaabaa in foomka xeryahooda noqde bixitaanka chloroplast ah si ay u sameeyaan unugyo cusub si ay ugu adeegaan sida il tamar ku keento dheefshiidka.

photosynthesis warshad isticmaalaa boqolkiiba tamarta iftiinka u nuugo 1-2 oo kaliya. Xooggii uu u socodka ah ee photosynthesis saamayn ku kooban spectral iyo xoojinta of, iftiinka heerkulka, dhirta daaweynta biyaha iyo nafaqada macdanta, fiirsashada of CO2 iyo O2, iyo sidoo kale qodobo kale oo deegaanka.