Khokhloma - waa maxay? Khokhloma: sawirada, astaamaha, sawir

Khokhloma - waa maxay? First of dhan, waa hore jirtay farsamo dad Ruush. Khokhloma rinjiyeynta, Golden Khokhloma, stratum a badan ee dhaqanka Ruush. Astaanta rinjiyeeyay style ah "Khokhloma" waa dab Firebird, a heer sare ah qof. Caasimadda ah ee kalluumaysiga - magaalada Semenov, oo ku taalla waqooyiga dalka Nizhny Novgorod. Si ka duwan soo saarka faneed Gzhelian, oo waxay isu keentaa 27 magaalo iyo tuulooyinkoodii in a "baadiyaha" Khokhloma waxaa ku urursan hal meel. Sidaa darteed, ay horumar sii dheer oo ku filan. kalluumaysiga qayb farshaxanka sidoo kale qiimaha sida fanaaniinta tayo aan waa wax caadi ah, iyo tababar, sida, ma ahaa.

History of Khokhloma Golden ah

farsamada Art Khokhloma xididdadiisa goor dambe oo qarnigii 17aad, inta lagu guda jiro ubax ee deg deg ah ee rinjiyeynta icon. muddo dejinta Novgorod matalo Old Mu'miniinta, kuwaas oo aan aqbali habaynta kaniisad of Wadaad Nikon ah, beegantay ah ee hababka cusub ee walxood gilding. Waa ee gobolka Nizhny Novgorod, tuulooyinka ay barteen in ay rinji walxood ee dahab ah, laakiin aan lahayn isticmaalka biraha qaali ah. mushaaraadka Wooden walxood rusheeyey shiiday lacag ah ee ciidda, ka dibna dahaarka leh saliid linseed iyo kaalinta foornada ah. daahan Silver mucjisooyin beddelaa Quruxdiisa dahab. wakhtigaas technology ma bixiyaan hab oo dheeraad ah si loo fududeeyo habka, wax walba waxaa lagu sameeyey gacanta. fanaaniinta Qaar ka bartey qabsado, abuurta qalabka fudud si ay u caawiyaan, laakiin guud ahaan, Khokhloma rinjiyeynta si buuxda u xaqiijiyay kaliya by shaqada Buuggan. Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka waxay ahaayeen jeestay, oo u baahan aqoon gaar ah. banaan waxaa machined mid baa sayidkiinna ah, badali doono oo iyaga kuwa kale gubay, iyo kuwa kale oo rinji. Laakiin kiis kasta, dadaal u dhexeeya natiijada iskaashi wanaagsanayn, iyo wax soo saarka la Shafay.

ah ee farshaxanka sare

Sidaas on Volga halkaas joogay Khokhloma dahab-rinji ah. From walxood oo ay si dhakhso ah u wareegeen wax soo saarka ee weelka oo qoryo daboolay hannaankii dahab laga sameeyey. Silver uusan ku filnayn, oo waxaa la bedelay iyo waxa daasadda. Tirokoobyada ayaa waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan ka xun, on lid ku ah, rinjiyaynta heleen sharaf Matt iyo ka dib qiraan ee rinjiga bilaabay iftiimi sida qorraxda oo kale. fanaaniinta Semenov ayaa isu yimid in iskaashi ah, rinjiyaynta "Khokhloma" ayaa noqdaan si fiican u yaqaan meel ka durugsan soohdimaha oo ka mid ah gobolka Nizhny Novgorod. Mid ka mid kale ka dib markii u yimid baayacmushtariyadii, sayidyadooda ku amray rinji maacuunta alwaax dhinacyada weyn, iyo kalluumaysiga waxay bilaabeen inay si degdeg ah u horumariyaan.

Marka ugu horeysa la xardhay ka Linden iyo rinjiga Khokhloma nidaamyada malqacadaha oo malqacadaha. Faracoodii mahadisaan xitaa ka taagay tiir xusuus ah in Semyon-Lozhkarev baad u sayid iyo fanaaniinta waqtiga sida. Saanacyadii hagar la'aan shaqeeyay, suxuunta Nizhny Novgorod la keenay oo si guul leh iibin meesha suuqa weyn Macarius, caddaalad ugu caansan Ruush. suxuunta Dakhliga iyo in Moscow. In caasimadda Ruushka, halka si joogto ah qaybgalay wakiillo shisheeye ee fasalka baayacmushtariga, Jarmalka, franzuzy Ingariis ah. Waxay isla markiiba ogaaday wax soo saarka aan caadi ahayn Khokhloma.

Khokhloma - maxay tahay ka barta of view of beesha caalamka?

In qarnigii 19-ka Khokhloma rinjiyeynta saaraan suxuunta, saabaanka iyo dharka ay u yimaadeen inay dibadda loo yaqaan. World Exhibition in Paris, kaas oo ka dhacay 1889, ay jidka u bannaysay for Khokhloma Golden caalamka. Khokhloma rinjiyeynta tegey on dhoofinta durdur ballaaran. Suuqyada ee Western Europe, koonfur bari Asia, Hindiya, Shiinaha, iyo ka dib ah qaaradda alaabta North American baayacmushtari jireen dad goob dhismeedyada Ruush.

dalabka badan ee wax soo saarka ka shishaysa oo ku sayid Volga noqday ku heshaa u ah horumarinta dheeraad ah ee Golden Khokhloma. kala duwan oo soo saarka kacay marar badan, marka lagu daro malqacadaha sameeyey suxuunta iyo ulo, oo foosto, Krynki uunsi, welina cusbo, postavtsa kala duwan, muraayadaha indhaha iyo koobabka. Gaar ahaan mahad ee West, Bratina waxa loogu yeero - maacuun weyn oo ah qaab doon kula darsin ah baaldiyo. Magaca iska hadlaayo, maacuunta this loogu talagalay martiqaadka siweyn looga. theme xafladda mar walba la socdo waxyaabaha Khokhloma. Iyo il siyabo maadooyinka iyo mowduucyada iyaga u - waa dhan Russia. Khokhloma waa kala sooc lahayn lala isha aad, iyo taariikhda.

Suxuunta iyo ma aha oo kaliya

Waxa intaa dheer in cookware, yaalla weyn oo soo saaray maacuunta, sanduuqyada, sanduuqyada buuriga, yar waxyaabaha alaabta guriga, qolalka, kabadhada, miisaska iyo kuraasta. Golden Khokhloma laga dalban karo, waxaa haboon inta badan ka qaalisan, laakiin qiimaha aanu qofna dhibin. By dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad Khokhloma qaali noqonaya, maxaa yeelay, wax soo saarka oo aad u dhib badan. Waxaa jiray naqshado ubax, taas oo sii waday in ay dhaqanka ay isirka, laakiin waqti isku mid ah ayuu style u gaar ah dabiiciga ah farshaxanka of qoraal, taas oo ka duwan Khokhloma. Pictures qaaday in kuwa maalmood fanaaniinta, dunida, sawirada iyo Dakatu taageeraan horumarka isbedelka cusub ee farshaxanka Khokhloma rinjiyeynta.

waxyaabaha Khokhloma si weyn balaarinta ay horay rinji si la mid ah "Kudrin", la caleemo dahab, iyo ubaxyo in style ka mid ah tiradaasi oo ah xijaabka dumar ah, marka laysku sharraxo ka kooban yahay dhowr jajabkii ka milmaan galay mid ka mid image. Mid ka mid ah tirooyinka aadka loo xushmeeyo Kokhloma ahaa "caws," iyo qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 20-aad, fanaaniinta ku abuureen a "wax sharraxsan, Hohloma". Sidaas style a classic. hannaankii midabaynta The sidaas sii murgiyo, stroke noqon khafiif ah, iyo goob helay Aayaadka si yaqiin ah. style Art loo yaqaan "Khokhloma", sawirada iyo Dakatu taas oo Xaqiijiyay in ay horumar sii. Isla mar ahaantaana ku yaala bartamaha Russia waxay bilaabeen inay u muuqdaan noocyada farshaxanka, sida rinjiyeynta Khokhloma, miniatures Fedoskino iyo baakidh Zhostov. Wax yar ka dib kasbaday warshadaha Gzhel soo saarka ee weelka dhoobada, kaas oo ugu dhakhsaha badan u noqday sida uu shacbiyad u qori Khokhloma. farsamada iyo farshaxanka Ruushka ayaa si guul leh horumariyo, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - tani ma aha liis dhamaystiran oo farsamada gacanta ah in la barbar dhigi karaa farshaxanka sare.

qalabka

farshaxanka Khokhloma - waa arrin geedi socod adag oo ku lug leh subtleties badan farsamo. Waa kuma filna in rinjiga sheyga saxda ah - ay qaab iyo xuduudaheedu sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin si ay u qummanaado. foomka Haddii sayidkiisu go'aansaday inay qoryo soo jaraan qaab guumaysgeesaleyda a Bratina iyo waxa rinjiga ee style ee Khokhloma ah oo dahab ah, waxa ugu horayn ka helay waa ku celinayaa xarrago ee shimbir sharaf leh oo dhan, iyo iyada qoorta waa hubaal noqon a "guumaysgeesaleyda" gacnta, oo dhawrno ee dabiiciga ah.

Khokhloma - maxay tahay ka barta farsamada ee view? Iyadoo la tixraacayo xeerka xaqiiq tahay ee alaabta, ay waafaqsan Buzadag qaar ka mid ah heer sare ah heerka, takhasus of JSC "Rinjiyeynta Khokhloma" keenay tayada caanaha ay wax soo saarka, kuwaas oo la sameeyey aasaas u ah wax soo saarka ee alaabta Kokhloma. Sidaas darteed, dhammaan geedi socodka ee shirkadda ma ku xiran yihiin shuruudaha suuqa, kobcinaya wax soo saarka mass, iyo sharciyada deegaanka farshaxanka, macaamiisha u janjeedha, isagoo dhadhan. hanuun siyaasadda Taas ayaa horay u mira dhalin, amar bilaabay in aan ka dukaamo xusuus ah iyo meelo lagu daawado farshaxanka caanka ah oo lagu qurxiyo iman.

Geedi socodka ah ee samaynta walxaha tahay in style Khokhloma - waa silsilad habka adag. Wood waxaa loo isticmaalaa sawmills kaliya, fadilaad siiyey Linden, labada garawsi iyo wax ductile ugu. Waxyaabaha maraa tallaabo lagu qalajiyo dabiiciga ah dibadda muddo hal sano ah, ka dibna abuse on meelaha banaan ubaxyada Comley, taas oo ah saddex bilood oo dheeraad ah-qalajiyaha ka dib. Intaas ka dib, qoryo ay horey u ku haboon yahay machining on lathes. gogo 'oo la xushay waxaa loogu soo saaridda of caruusadaha, dheryaha waaweyn yihiin machined ka tiixtiix adag. Waayo, qaadooyin iyo malqacadaha haboon qayb sapwood alwaax, waa cadaalad ah ay fududahay in la gooyaa oo ma crack.

Xardhay oo ka gooyay banaan waxa loo yaqaan "linen" ka hor inta rinjiyeynta waa "nigis" waxaa mar kale la qalajiyey at heerkul ah oo ku saabsan 100 digrii. Intaas ka dib, articles waxaa lagu badali doono oo ku raran mar foornada at 120 digrii. Markaas workpiece waxaa dhulka, fuqa iyo godadka on shpaklyuyut dusha iyo dahaarka leh kula lakabka khafiif ah oo varnish. Wax yar ka hor dhamaystiran preform qalajiyo dahaarka leh budada aluminium iyo waxa triturated si dushiisa oo dhan waxaa isku dahaarka leh. Dheeraad ah, lacagtii-frosted koob, iyo malgacadihii, tooyska, dheryaha, iyo maddiibadihii yimaadaan si ay fanaaniinta ee ku dhameysteen - Khokhloma rinjiyeynta tahay.

Ka dib markii rinjiyaynta sheyga saddex jeer kamuuqdo la kuleylka dhexe in 130 digrii. Xaaladdan oo kale, daahan aluminium keensataa cado dahab ah, sheyga diyaar u yahay baakadaha iyo shixnad.

nooc oo rinjiyeynta

Qarnigii 18-Khokhloma rinjiyeynta gaadhay jiro boosaska, baahida loo qabo wax soo saarka tahay oo dhan, oo sayidyadooda Nizhny Novgorod halka horay on sare ee uu hal-abuurka. Waxaa markaas ahaa, iyo yeelatay laba nooc oo waaweyn oo rinjiyaynta Golden Khokhloma - "faras" iyo "background".

Khokhloma, naqshadaha, kuwaasi oo ay rinji si la mid ah "Horse" rinjiyeynta, waa sawir ah oo duurka ku dahab ah, qaybshay in midabada madow iyo casaan ah. Farshaxankii barbaro qaab wanaagsan mesh ah stroke, ka dib markii mid ka mid ah hababka soo socda:

• "Gingerbread" - image a stylized ee qorraxda, lifaaqan qaab joomateri ah, oo laba jibbaaran, dheemman ama goobaabin cut. Habka ugu fudud hortiisa ugu horeysay, laakiin ka goobada qoraxda, duniyooyinka Suul-rays eegno aan la jeexin, si isku weheliso jir ak tirsan weyn ku wareegsan.
• "Travnik" - wax sharraxsan, dhirta, qaab ahaan ama cawska oo berrin bannaan sedge xeebta.
• "Leaf, berry ah" - rinji badan oo caleemaha iyo nooca berry, ubaxa iyo afkoda, intricately iskumaran kasta oo kale.

Marka la barbardhigo ah "faras", Khokhloma, taasoo nidaamyada shubo dahab ah oo ku saleysan cas ama madow, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa "background." Kala duwan ee ugu xiisaha badan ah farshaxankiisa ku saabsan asalka ah waa "Kudrin", taas oo ah sanam stylized of caleemaha iyo ubaxa. Suul soo noqnoqda Kudrevatov, bedalayo nidaamyada sir ah, ubaxa, caleenta, iyo cayn kasta oo berry, beerta iyo kaynta. Tani style of rinjiyeynta waa caan ah isticmaalka ballaaran ee ay barbaro khadadka dusha ka, faa'iidada inay dhigay off qaybaha shaqsi.

haayaha

Tan iyo qarnigii 20-bilaabeen inay nidaaminta rinjiyeynta Khokhloma, daabacan tusaha la tijaabooyinka ugu xiisaha badan, iyo sida ugu fiican ee la siiyay shahaadada. Shuqullada fanaaniinta sayidkiisii ku style ah "Khokhloma", sawiro iyo sawiro lagu daabacay warbaahinta, ayaa noqday ka qaybgalayaasha tartamada kala duwan iyo bandhigyo. Qorayaashu waxay tahay waxyaabaha helay abaalmarino iyo abaalmarinta ay hal-abuurka. On shows sida qof walba ka iibsan kari lahaa wax soo saarka ka dhigay in qaab farshaxan yaqaan "Khokhloma". Photo for xasuusta la saaxir saaraha isla markiiba ka dhigaa. Muddo dheer ka dib wax aad u qurux badan kamuuqdo farxisaa sayidkiisa.

Khokhloma indhaha ilmaha

Xanaanada caruurta, Beero-qoyseedka xannaanada iyo xataa in times Soofiyeeti, helay alaabta guriga, ka dhigay in style ka mid ah rinjiyeynta Khokhloma. Oo in kastoo style this farshaxanka ayaa had iyo jeer lagu tixgeliyaa carruurta "qof weyn" sida runta ah ku raaxaysan miis kasta miisaankiisa, rinji artist ah. Dabcan, waxa aan ahaa warshad gacanta lagu dhigay, wax soo saarka ayaa rinji alaabta guriga, by daabacaadda shaashadda. Laakiin aragti ah ee farshaxanka sare Khokhloma rinjiyeynta goob joog ka ahaa, oo waxay ku farxay carruurta. Wada jir ah ula kids waalidiinta ku faraxsanahay. Sidaas darteed, carruurta Khokhloma jirin ka xun yahay "qof weyn".

Theme for maqaalo dugsiga

barnaamijyada tababarka waa kala duwan. Khokhloma - maxay tahay dhibic macallinka of view ah? In dugsiyada of Moscow iyo gobolka Moscow ka, iyo sidoo kale magaalooyinka kale Ruush barnaamijka tababarka waa on theme of arts Ruush dad iyo farsamada, halkaas oo meesha ugu horeysa waa farshaxanka rinjiyeynta Khokhloma. Its taariikh dheer oo dunida caan awood ardayda in ay muujiyaan ra'yigooda shakhsi ahaaneed, waxaa muujiyaan on warqad iyo aad u hesho qiyaasta. Waxay noqon kartaa maqaalka oo dhan on topic ah ama sheeko gaaban. Khokhloma sida farshaxanka sii wadaan in ay si guul leh u horumariyaan, waa mid istaahila in waayeelka fiiro-dugsiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fasalada hoose, sidoo kale, ka qayb qaadan kartaa doodda.

Khokhloma ee ku sifayn song

farshaxanka Fine waxaa inta badan lagu daro qaybaha kale ee hal-abuurka. Art Khokhloma rinjiyeynta waa laga reebo lahayn. Heesta "Khokhloma" dheer ku guuleystay caan. Her nimankii gabayaaga ahaa fulinta gabayaa, heesid iyo nimankii gabayaaga ahaa shaqsi. luuq qurux badan, gabayo soulful, sidoo kale, xagga qalbiga ka qoran. At Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" ee ma ahan oo kaliya meel sharaf.