Horumarinta Bulshada ee Russia: foomamka, isbedbeddelka, taariikhda

horumarinta bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee Russia ee 1894-1904 ay sabab u formation of fikirka cusub ee dadweynaha guud. Halkii caadiga ah ee "Ilaah badbaadi Tsar ah!" In jidadka la gariiray ee u furan, "Down la -Raaxaysta-!" Waxaas oo dhan ayaa ugu danbeyn keentay in masiibo, taas oo lahaa isku midka ah ku lahayn oo dhan taariikhda kun oo sano of our state. Maxaa dhacay? Shirqool ugu sareysa, oo ay taageerayaan arrimaha dibadda, ama runtii horumarinta bulshada ayaa horseeday in wixii dadka dalbaday in isbeddel?

Maxaad at ubax ugu badan ee dhaqaalaha, sayniska, dhaqanka, waxbarashada, beeraha iyo warshadaha ee dalka, boqor noqday ee "Dhiig boqorka"? Dabcan, taariikhda ma laha niyadda fal. Laakiin, haddii dhab Nicholas II "askari a dhiigyacabka ah dadyowga," sida saffarro uu u yeedhay, heli lahaayeen kacaanka lahayn, halka ka shaqeeya warshad Putilov ah, isagoo curyaannimo oo dhan wax soo saarka ciidamada ee magaalada ugu weyn ee warshadaha ee dalka inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ayaa lagu toogtay lahaa sida "xadgudbayaasha ka mid ah hooyo ah" . Kaasu wuxuu dhacay ka dib markii kacaanka, mudadii uu Communists ee awoodda. Laakiin 1884, qofna ma ogaan. Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan horumarinta bulshada ee bulshada wakhtigaas, la sii hadli doonaa.

Sida ay u dhan bilaabay

Isbeddel ku maanka dadweynaha bilaabay October 20, 1894. On maanta, dhintay Alexander Emperor ee III, ka saffarro mahdisaan iyo Faracoodii naaneesta helay "reformer." Waxa uu carshiga ku yimid wiilkiisa Nicholas II - mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu muranka badnaa taariikhda oo ay la socdaan Ivan ka Xun iyo Iosifom Stalinym. Laakiin, iyaga ka duwan, boqor iyo dhigin yaabaa qoraalka "gacankudhiigle," iyo "askari", inkasta oo ay tani ayaa loo sameeyey, laga yaabee ugu wanaagsan oo dhan taariikhyahanadu Soviet. Waxay ahayd Ruush Tsar la soo dhaafay laga bilaabo si ay u koraan dhaqdhaqaaqa xawaaraha aadka u badan ee horumarinta bulshada dhinaca afgembigii -Raaxaysta- ah. Laakiin wax ugu horeysay ugu horeysay.

Biography Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

Nicholas II waxa uu ku dhashay May 6, 1868. On maanta, dadka Masiixiyiinta ah ka cabsadaan quduuska Silcaya Ayuub. Emperor ayaa qudhiisu rumaystay - waa calaamad u tahay in ayaa sheegay in uu yahay la Cadaabo in silica ee nolosha. Sidaas waxa ku dhacay ka dib - horumarinta bulshada ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in nacayb ee -Raaxaysta- dadka qarnigii hore gaadhay heer daartu iyo keentay in cawaaqib karin. The cadho qarniyo jir ah oo dadka dhab ahaan u dhacay on boqorkii in, in ay ka badan tahay awowayaashiin oo dhan daryeelo oo ku saabsan daryeelka dadka iyaga u gaar ah. Dabcan, iyadoo dhibic this of view, dad badan oo ku doodi doona, laakiin sida ay yidhaahdaan, sida dad badan, fikrado badan oo.

Nicholas II ahaa aqoon fiican u, ogaa dhowr luqadood oo shisheeye si fiican, laakiin had iyo jeer la hadlay Ruush.

siyaasiyiinta Liberal dhegaysanayay uu sumadaha qof daciif-ka yeeli kuwaas oo aan go'aan ka madax bannaan oo ay had iyo jeer ahaa sarkhaansan yihiin haweenka: marka hore hooyadiis oo markaas waa inuu naagtiisa. Solutions, in ay opinion, qaadashada taliye oo la gooyo la soo dhaafay lagala tashan. Communists The isaga loo yaqaan "daalim ku daatay", taas oo keentay in Russia musiibada.

Dhamaan qoraalada ku doonayaan in ay ku doodi, oo aad xusuusataan 1921 lagu hoobtay oo la dil mass of Cheka ah, iyo muddada cadaadis Stalin ee. "Daalim dhiig" Xitaa kuma ay toogteen kuwa inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida shirqooleen gaarsiinta oo kibis ah iyo rasaas horteeda dhamaadka 1916, markii Ciidamada Ruushka u dhintay gaajo iyo la'aanta rasaas lagu qasbay in ay tagaan on weerarka oo uu gacmaha u dhashay on qoryaha. Dabcan, askarta caadiga ah ma ay garan sababaha dhabta ah ee waxa ka dhacaya, iyo ducaadda saanac ah si deg deg ah ka helay sababta xumaatooyinka oo dhan wejiga gooyo la soo dhaafay Ruush.

Mana aha Nicholas II iyo nin daciif-ka yeeli kuwa shakhsi qaaday go'aamo badan oo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah aragtida laga tirada badan yahay ee ku wareegsan, bourgeoisie ah, dushooda qoyska abtirsan oo ka timi ah. Laakiinse iyagu ma ay ahaayeen "hawada daalim yar yar," iyo si wax looga qabto dhibaatooyinka halista ah ee dadweynaha. Ugu dambeeyay ee la taliyayaal wuxuu u bixiyey oo keliya mid ka mid ah kuwaas oo la wadaago oo uu dhibic of view, halkan ka khaldan siyaasiyiinta deeqsi ah.

January 17, 1895, Nicholas II sheegay in ku saabsan ammaanka -Raaxaysta- iyo amarka jir ah, kaas oo si toos ah loo dejiyay horumarinta dheeraad ah ee dalka. saldhig Kacaanka erayadan ka dib bilaabay inuu qaab qaado xawaaraha aan horay loo arag, haddii ay qof si ula kac ah u abaabulan ka baxsan.

horumarinta bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee Russia ee 1894-1904 sanad ah: halgan ee madaxda sare ee awoodda

Waa qalad in loo qaato in kala qaybsanaanta ka mid ah dadka caadiga ah oo kaliya ahaa. horumarinta Bulshada ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in xitaa ka mid ah madaxda ugu sareeya siyaasadda gobolka ayaa soo saartay kala duwan oo ku saabsan Jidka horumarinta Russia. Halganka weligeed ah ee xisbiga Libaraalka Western, flirts dalalka Yurub iyo Mareykanka muxaafidiinta waddani, isku dayaya in ay ka jaraan Russia si kasta ha ahaatee, iyo sahlay waqtigan. Nasiib darro, la'aanta ah ee "celceliska dahabka" iyo fahamka in horumarka dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo bulsho ee dalka waa in isbahaysiga raaci West ah, laakiin inay ilaaliyaan danaha qoyska, ayaa had iyo jeer ku jira taariikhda. mar Maanta ayaa xaaladda innaba ma beddelmin. Waxaan ka jiraan ama waddaniyiin dalka oo doonaya in ay gooni u taagan, in la xiray ka adduunka oo dhan, ama deeqsi ah, diyaar u ah in la siiyo oo dhan tanaasulaad si ay dalalka shisheeye.

Nicholas II eryadeen siyaasad on mabda'a "celceliska dahabka" isaga ka dhigay cadow kii hore iyo kii labaad. Xaqiiqada ah in ashtakooday boqorka ahayd oo kaliya taageere u ahaa isbahaysiga la West ah inay ilaaliyaan danaha qoyska, ayaa sheegay in halganka gudaha siyaasadeed ee u dhexeeya labada ciidamada, labadaas oo ahaa kuwii ku qabtay xafiiska guud ee sare.

reer galbeedka

Kuwa hore waxay ahaayeen xisbiga Libaraalka Western, madax Wasiirka Maaliyadda S. Vitte Yu.. Ay hawsha ugu weyn - horumarinta dalka ee dhaqaalaha .. Warshadaha, beeraha, iwm warshadaynta ee dalka, sida uu sheegay Witte, aad bay u saamayn horumarinta dhaqan-siyaasadeed. Waxay kuu ogolaaneysaa in si ay u xalliyaan hawlahan soo socda:

• Si aad isku uruursadaan lacagaha xal u ah dhibaatooyinka bulshada.
• In la sameeyo beeraha kharash ku fiican iyo qiimo jaban marka la barbar dhigo keeno, qalab.
• Si ay u sameeyaan fasalka cusub - bourgeoisie ah, taas oo la barbar karaa abtirsan dhaqanka, ka hawlgala on mabda'a ah "qaybi oo xukun".

konserfatifku

At madaxa ciidamada muxaafidka ahaa Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha V. K. Pleve, kuwaas oo markii dambe lagu dilay weerarkii argagixiso, iyo sidoo kale waddani kale sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda, kaasoo sameeyey ee horumarka ah ee Russia ugu of dhan - P. A. Stolypina. looks qalaad iyo xaqiiqda ah in uusan midna mid ka dejiya siyaasadda pro-Western uma oggolaanin in ay "u nadiifisaa ku daatay" kacaan argagixiso ee XIX dabayaaqadii - hore qarniyo XX, oo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dawlad kala Ruush ay maskax iyo dhaqankooda.

Pleven rumeysan yahay in horumarka dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ma saamayn kara dadka "qaan" dhallinyarada ku jira "cudurka" fikrado pro-Western, shisheeye in dalkeena. Russia - dal leh ay dulinka ah horumarinta. Reform, dabcan, loo baahan yahay, laakiin uma baahna in ay jebiyaan oo dhan hay'adaha bulshada, oo waxaad fartaan Wannaagga qarniyo badan.

koritaanka burinaya

Revolution, sida aynu ognahay, ka go'an gacmaha dhallinyarada. Russia ma jirto marka laga reebo in arrintan la xiriira. The dibad mass ugu horeysay ee 1899 waxaa bilaabay ka mid ah ardayda dalbanaya xaq u leeyahay inuu ku soo laabto hoosaad ee jaamacadaha. Laakiin "taliskii dhiig leh" ma noqon toogashada mass of dibad ah, cidna la qabtay, oo ka mid ah qaban qaabiyaasha. Mas'uuliyiintu keliya ciidanka u soo diray dhowr dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyo "fallaago ardayga" si degdeg ah ka demo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1901, oo uu ku soo boodo ku dhaawacmeen oo ay Wasaaradda Waxbarashada N. P. Bogolepov arday hore P. Karpovich. Tani dil ah sarkaal sare oo ka dib markii nasasho dheer weerarrada argaggixisada tilmaamay in xaqiiqda ah in horumarinta bulshada keenaysaa in isbadalo waawayn.

In 1902 caasinimo ka qarxay gobollada koonfureed ee dalka ka mid ah yaroow ah. Waxay ahaayeen faraxsanayn la'aanta ah ee dalka. Kumanaan badnaa weeraray guriga kireeya ', maqsinnona waxba cuntada, bakhaaro,, iyaga oo eber noqoto.

Si loo soo celiyo si jiitay ciidanka, oo waa mamnuuc in la isticmaalo hubka. Tani waxay muujinaysaa awoodda maamulka in ay si toos ah amarada iyo waqti isku mid ah ay muujinaysaa oo dhan taliskii "ku daatay". The qiyaas dhab ah oo keliya ayaa codsatay in ay ku dilaaliinta, kuwaas oo waxaa la soo dersay daadanayay dadweynaha. No dil mass, iyo dilal toogasho ah ayaa la diiwaan geliyay ilo taariikhiga ah. Wixii la barbardhigo, waxaan doonayaa in aan soo xusuusto dhacdooyinka dhacay 20 sano ka dib ee gobolka Tambov ah. Waxaa jira kacdoon ballaaran oo ka dhan ah dhac cunto Bolsheviks. Xukuumadda Soviet amray in ay isticmaalaan hubka kiimikada ka dhanka ah yaroow, kuwaas oo ku dhuumaalaysanaya kaynta, iyo qoysaskooda lala iman nooc ka mid ah xerada fiirsashada, taas oo ka eryay haween iyo carruur. Ragga lahaa in ay is dhaafsadaan qiimaha noloshooda iyaga u gaar ah si ay u xoreeyaan.

xasillooni ee Finland

Waxay ahayd baaxaa, iyo borderlands qaranka. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee taariikhda Finland ee soo galay Russia ee 1899, dowladda dhexe ka fuliyeen tallaabooyinka soo socda:

• Cuntada qaranka xaddidan.
• Soo bandhigay maamulka xogta ah ee Ruush.
• Waxay kala diray ciidanka qaranka.

Waxaas oo dhan ma caawin kartaa, laakiin hadlaan engegnaantiinna of rabitaanka siyaasadeed ee Nicholas II, tan iyo ka hor oo waxa uu xitaa taliyayaashii ugu dhiso ma qiyaastaas oo kale tagaan. Dabcan, dadka Finnishka ah waxay ahaayeen ku faraxsaneyn, laakiin aynu qiyaasi in qayb ka mid ah gobolka waa nooc ka mid ah madax-bannaani, halkaas oo in ay maal lacagta miisaaniyadda horumarinta, laakiin waxa ay leedahay ciidan u gaar ah, sharciyada, dowladda, taas oo aan ku xiran yahay xarunta, dhammaan waraaqaha rasmiga ah waxaa loo sameeyaa in luqadda qaran. Finland ma waxay ahayd mustacmarad ee Empire Ruush ah, sida ay u eg tahay sheegan waddaniyiinta hoose iyo unit dhul madax banaan yahay, riyaaqay ilaalinta iyo taageerada maaliyadeed ee Xarunta.

horumarinta bulshada iyo siyaasadda ee Russia 1894-1904 ay sabab u tahay soo bixitaanka iyo koritaanka xoog cusub, oo la ciyaari doonta kaalin weyn in our taariikhda - Xisbiga RSDLP ah.

Social Democratic Party Labor Ruush (RSDLP)

In March 1902 waxaan soo qaatay xisbiga ee Minsk ka 9 dadka, 8 kuwaas oo lagu xiray in ay beeneeynaysaa quraafaad ah ee uu yahay awood la'aanta hay'adaha sharci fulinta si ay u aqoonsadaan shirqoolkii. Ilaha hana dhihina wax ku saabsan sababta aan xiray ergay sagaalaad iyo waxa uu ahaa.

II Congress ka Russia qabtay July-August 1903, 2 sano ka hor kacaankii ugu horeysay ee Russian ah ee 1905, iska - in London iyo Brussels. Waxaa lagu go'aamiyay qaynuun iyo barnaamij ee xisbiga.

Barnaamijku wuxuu ugu yar ee RSDLP ah

Modern xisbiyada mucaaradka xitaa ka cabsan in aad ka fikirto waxa hawlaha byliu RSDLP Party. ugu yaraan:

1. markii la afgembiyey -Raaxaysta- iyo abuuritaanka jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah.
2. xilldhibaan Universal iyo doorashooyin xor ah.
3. Xaq u leh ee quruumaha in ay aayo-ka iyo sinnaanta.
4. dawladda hoose Wide.
5. Sideed saac maalintii shaqeeya.
6. baabiiyo of lacagaha madaxfurashada, soo celinta lacag kuwa ku dhan bixisay.

barnaamijka ugu badan ee RSDLP ah

barnaamijka ugu jiray guud ahaan kacaanka proletarian dunida. In si kale loo dhigo, xisbiga doonayay inuu ku soo bilowdo dagaal caalami ah caalamka, ugu yaraan, waxaa la naadiyey. isbedelka dulmiga ma aha oo kaliya awood, iyo amarka bulshada, ma waxaa lagu gaari karaa hab nabadeed.

Xisbiyada siyaasadeed la qaynuunnadii, barnaamijyo, gool - nooc cusub oo horumarinta bulshada ee Russia wakhtigaas.

ergooyinka RSDLP in Congress labaad ee kala qaybiyay laba xeryaha:

1. Hagaajiyayaal, hogaaminayo L. Chaposhinkov (Yu Tsederbaum), oo ahaa ka dhanka ah kacaanka. Waxay ku dooday waayo, ilbaxnimada, hab nabadeed ee soo saara awoodda, iyo sidoo kale sida la filayo ku salaysan bourgeoisie ah si loo gaaro hadafka siyaasadeed.
2. Xag - naadiyey inay ridaan dawladda qaab kasta, oo ay ku jiraan, in koorsada kacaanka. Iyagu waxay isku halleeyeen proletariat ah (class shaqeeya).

Xag hogaaminayo V. I. Leninym ku guulaystay inta badan kuraasta ee jagooyinka ee hormuudka ka ah xisbiga. Sababtan awgeed, waxay waxaa loo yaqaan Bolsheviks ah. Ka dibna, kala xisbiga, oo waxay noqday kuwa loo yaqaan RSDLP ah (b), oo muddo ka dib - CPSU (b) (All-Ruush shuuciga Party of Bolsheviks) ah.

Xisbiga Social-Revolutionary Party (AKP)

Rasmi ah, AKP ayaa meelmariyey dastuurka ee December 1905 - January 1906, marka horumarka dhaqan-siyaasadeed ee Russia ayaa la bedelay ka dib markii kacaanka iyo Bayaanka ku saabsan abuuritaanka Duma Gobolka. Laakiin-Social kacaan, sida xoog siyaasadeed oo muddo dheer soo baxay ka hor. Waxa ay ahayd kuwa abaabulan cabsi mass ka dhanka ah dawladda ee wakhtigaas.

In barnaamijka, kacaan bulshada oo wuxuu naadiyey isbedel dulmiga awoodda, laakiin, ka duwan kuwa kale, tirka on duba riday sidii ciidanka wadista kacaanka.

Horumarinta Bulshada ee Russia: gunaanad guud

Dad badan ayaa ku weydiin sababta sayniska waa tobanka sano ee ka soo 1894-1904 GG. tixgeliyo si gooni gooni ah, maxaa yeelay, Nicholas II sii waday in ay noqon in awoodda? Jawaab in taariikhda horumarka bulshada 1894-1904 GG. Waxaa ka horeeyey kacaanka ugu horeysay ee Russian ah ee 1905, ka dib markii taas Russia noqday Boqortooyada Duma ah. Bayaanka of October 17, 1905 soo saaray amar cusub - Duma Gobolka. Dabcan, sharciyada qaatay lahaa ciidan lahayn oo aan oggolaansho gooyo, laakiin ay saameyn siyaasadeed ahaa weyn.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa ay markaas ku jirtay Russia bilaabay inay bam in qarxaan dambe ee 1917 taas oo u horseedi doonaa in markii la afgembiyey -Raaxaysta- iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye.