Kacdoonkii Bashkir. Bashkir kacdoonkii 1705-1711: sababaha, natiijooyinka

kacdoonkii Bashkir ee 1705-1711 sano ayaa ka tagay ay ku ganaya ee taariikhda Russia. Xilligan waxa lagu aad u ballaaran oo aan hoos iman. Loogana hortegi ee Northern War Great iyo dib u habaynta ee Peter rabshadaha inta badan soo bandhigay by taariikhyahan sida dhibaatooyinka qoyska yar.

halkii sal-dhigida

Jiheysteen yihiin kuwa dulmiga wada, kiciyey caasinimo Bashkir ah. Ka qaybgalayaasha in dhacdooyinkan aan lagu sheegin in shuqullada tahay in la barbardhigo, tusaale ahaan, soo ridayeen ah kacdoonkii of Pugachev. Dhanka kale, taariikhda dadyowga ku jira Empire Ruush ah, oo waxay u noqotay in ay taariikhda. Waxaa xusid mudan in dejinta xuduudaha, afka iyo caadooyinkii Bashkirs ee la soo dhaafay ku kala duwan laga bilaabo maanta. Ka hor inta sharaxaya ku ifbixii Bashkir qarnigii hore siddeed iyo tobnaad, si kooban u eegno taariikhda umadan.

macluumaadka juqraafiyeed

Bashkirs awowayaashiin macquulka ah sheeg qoraallada Herodiyiintu iyo Blotemigii uu. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in dhulkooda qowmiyadaha - waxaa steppe of Urals Southern. Ilo Arab ee qarnigii sagaalaad si toos ah ugu markhaati furayaa this. Sida laga soo xigtay Ibn Fadlan, Bashkirs - Turkigu ku nool on dalcadaha koonfureed ee Urals ah, mashquulin meel ballaaran si Volga ah, deriskooda in koonfur-bari waa Pechenegs ee galbeed - Bulgars ah, oo ku yaalla koonfurta - Oguz.

Shariif Idrisi, geographer qarnigii laba iyo tobnaad, ayaa sheegay in Bashkirs degto ee asal ahaan ka mid ah Kama iyo Urals ah. Waxa uu ka hadlay dejinta weyn loo yaqaan Nemzhan ku yaala qeybaha sare ee wabigga ee Lika webiga (suurto gal Yaik ama Ural). Bashkirs ayaa ku hawlan dikhaw copper, qodistani dawaco iyo oorso yar oo xeeb ku nool maabalka, iyo dhagaxyo qaali ah. gurkhan magaalada, ee waqooyiga qayb ka mid ah webiga Agidel, Bashkirs la sameeyey isku sharraxdid, suunka iyo hub.

asalka ah ee dadka

Ilaha ayaa tilmaamaya in Bashkirs ah ayaa muddo dheer la degganaa oo Ural Yuzhnyy ah. Muddo dheer, waxay ahaayeen dadka ugu badan ee gobolka. Wixii macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan marka ay si Yuzhnyy Bashkir ku Ural yimid sida ay luuqada caadiga ah waxaa la aasaasay, waxaa lama yaqaan. Xaqiiqada ah in ay yihiin sida heerka hoose ee horumarinta in ay ka tageen raad cad. Isla mar ahaantaana dalka la degganaa ku soo ururiya qabiilooyinkiinna Ugric badan kuwaas oo laga leeyahay howsha baahsan ee biraha iyo farsamada kale. Caddeynta tuulmo la joogtid iyo helaa kale ee qaddiimiga ah.

fikrad More ama cad yar oo ka mid ah dadka Bashkir u muuqday oo kaliya ee 16-17 qarniyo. Markii hore, wax kala firdheen kooxaha qowmiyadeed. Ka dibna, kooxahan sameeyay kala qoto dheer ee dhaqanka. Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah version, Bashkirs si Ural Yuzhnyy u yimid ka niyad-jabka Ural, oo dhinaca kale ah - waa koox qabiilooyinka Finno-Ugric ah, ayaa lagu sameeyay Turkization badan. The version saddexaad oo ugu sax ah waa in Bashkirs ah - waa haraadiga qabiilooyinka reer guuraaga ah, kuwaas oo u wareegeen hab deggan nolosha. isbedelka nololeed kadis ah qeyb ka lumay qaar ka mid ah dhaqanka iyo ku baddallo kuwa kale. By waqtiga isbedelka of xoolo dhaqasho reer guuraaga ee semi-guuraaga ka dhacay muddada u dhaxaysa 17 th in qarnigii 19-aad. Isla mar ahaantaana, si firfircoon uga sahamin Ural Yuzhnyy Ruushka. Sayidka, ku dhaqanka ee Bashkirs ayaa la bedelay Ruush iyo Finno-Ugric. Bashkirs ayaa ugaarsanaya iyo beeraha. Qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka soo jireenka ah ayaa laga badiyay. Gumaysigii dadka ayaa ahaa mid jilicsan, sida badan lagu hayo nololeed reer guuraaga ah. Kaliya wararka xanta ah ee lagu qasbay Bashkirs Christianization ka xumaaday.

tirsanaan koox luqadeed

luqadda Bashkirsky iska leh Kypchak Volga-hoosaadka ka mid ah group Qypchaq laan Turk luqadaha Altaic. Waxaa jira saddex lahjado: koonfurta, bariga, waqooyi-galbeed. Waqtiyadii hore, Bashkirs isticmaalay qoraal runic Turkic, inta lagu guda jiro formation of Islam - xuruuf Carabi. isku day ah waxaa loo sameeyey inuu turjumo Afka alifbeetada Roman, la joogo in xarfaha Bashkir ee saddex iyo soddon warqado Ruush, iyo sagaal iyo dhawaaqyada gaar ah loo diyaariyey oo dheeraad ah.

diinta

Sida laga soo xigtay kuwo kayeelan waxay qadiimiga, Bashkirs waxay ahaayeen asal ahaan jaahilka aaminsan yahay. qabiilooyinka Baydka u sujuudeen laba iyo toban ilaahyo, askartii isu tilmaamay xayawaanka duurjoogta ah. Sida iska cad, diinta qadiimiga ah u ekaa shamanism. Period tilmaami Urals dadyowga taariikhyahanadu Carabta ku beegan tahay bilowga ansaxinta of Islam Bashkirs. Bashkirs hayaa xaq u leeyahay inuu ku dhaqmaan Islam keentay in lagu hoobtay, dhirifka burbur.

Ku biirista Russia

In qarniyadii 13-14 th, Bashkirs waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah Horde Golden ah. quruun dayrta ka dib waxaa dhul ahaan kala qaybsan. Bashkirs reer galbeedka iyo waqooyi-galbeed ka hooseeyeen maamulka of Khanate Kazan ah. Tirada dadka ee qaybta bartamaha, koonfurta iyo koonfur-bari ee Bashkiria hoos xukunka ahaa Horde Nogay ah. Zauralskaya badanaa loo yaqaan Khanate Siberian ah. Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Ivana Groznogo Bashkirs Khanate dhan markeeda qaatay dhalashada Moscow.

shuruudaha aqbalaadda goostay caasinimo Bashkir ah. Oo waxay noqotay ka dib markii qabashada Kazan. entry waxa uu ahaa iskaa wax u qabso, fududeeyey daaweynta Tsar Ruushka in Bashkirs ah. Ivan Grozny ka tanaasulay loo arag in Bashkirs ah, wuxuuna iyaga siiyey xaq u patrimonial dhulka ku, Dhawrista Islam iyo dawladda hoose.

Taariikhda goosato ah

Isku day in ay sii carqaladeeyo manifesto ayaa sababay carada baahsan on qayb ka mid ah dadka Bashkiria. Ka dib markii goysiga carshiga oo ka mid ah dalalkan Romanovs Bashkir bilaabay inuu si firfircoon u qaybi dadka dhulka leh, sidaas jebinta xaq u patrimonial dadka in ay leedahay dalka. mudaharaad ugu horeeyay ee ka dhacay 1645. Next kacdoonkii Bashkir ka dhacay 1662 si ay u 1664, 1681 si ay u 1684, iyadoo 1704 ee 1711 (1725) sano. The qaab waqtiga ugu dheer waxaa la xidhiidha isku day ah in xididada loo siibo Islam. All kacdoonkii Bashkir keenay dhibaato badan gobolka Ruush iyo horumarinta adag dalalka cusub. Boqortooyada mar kale xaqiijiyay in xaq patrimonial Bashkir iyo siiyay mudnaanta cusub ee dib u heshiisiinta.

kacdoonkii Bashkir ee 1705-1711 sano

Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah version, kacdoonkii siiyey kor u wararka xanta ah ee la ganaaxay ka mid ah diinta Islaamka, oo dhinaca kale ah - qabashada dalalka patrimonial iyo cashuurta kor. Bishii Agoosto 1704 in Bashkiria yimid Dohov aruuriya canshuuraha, iyo Zhiharev Sergeev. Waxay ku dhawaaqay amar dawladda cusub. Waxaa lagu dhawaaqay hordhaca ah ee canshuurta on masaajidka, wadaaddo iyo guriga shirka ee cibaadada. Masaajidda ayaa ahaa in la dhiso on nooc ka mid ah kaniisadda Orthodox ah, qabuuraha ee soo socota kaniisadda in uu abaabulo, ilaaliyaan diiwaannada parishioners iyo diiwaangelinta guurka dhimashada, si ay u qabtaan in wada joogaan wadaaddadii Orthodox. All tabo cusub, kuwaas oo loo arkay sidii loogu diyaar ganaax ah oo ku saabsan diinta Islaamka.

Inta lagu guda jiro Northern War Great, loo baahan yahay khayraad, iyo Bashkirs dalbaday in dheeraad ah 200 000 fardo iyo 4,000 oo askari. Total amar keenay by cashuurqaadayaasha, waxaa ku jira 72 canshuuraha cusub. Gaar ahaan, canshuurta la soo bandhigay on midabka indhaha. Bashkir ogaan horjeeda oo wuxuu damcay inuu iska soocaan for galay Boqortooyadii Cismaaniyadda galo. The rabshado hore wuxuu dhacay hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Aldara iyo Kuzyuk.

By 1708 Bashkirs Samara, Saratov, jaaket, Vyatka, Tobolsk, Kazan ayaa la qabtay. fallaago ayaa la kaliya ku koobnayn, laakiin kaliya si loo xakameeyo finalka 1711. State "pribytchiki" - cashuurqaadayaasha Dohov, Sergeev iyo Zhiharev - ayaa la xukumay oo ciqaabay ururinta canshuuraha iyo naadadiisii lama filaan ah sharci-darrada ah. Sayidka sababaha ayaa lagu reebay kacdoonkii Bashkir 1705-1711 GG. Inkastoo nabadda aasaasay kaliya ee 1725, Bashkirs mar kale loo mubaayacoonayo Emperor Ruushka. Natiijooyinka fallaago Bashkir waxay ahaayeen niyad jab. Dilkii badan Ruush iyo Bashkir, carada ayaa weli lagu hayo.

waxay doonayaan dadka si ay aayo-ka ma yaraadaa ka dib markii ay heshiisyo dowladda Saarka, laakiin caasinimo kale ugu dhakhsaha badan aan kacay. Oo aan marka laga reebo, rabshadaha ayaa la baabi'iyay, iyo dilaaliinta ayaa la marsiinayo ciqaab.

marxaladaha kacdoonkii

Aan aragno sida horumariyo caasinimo Bashkir ah. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa tallaabooyinka iyo dhacdooyinka.

guuldaradii

Sababaha guuldaradii of kacdoonkii Bashkir badan. Qaybsanaanta mid ah kooxaha qowmiyadaha iyo hab semi-guuraaga ah ee nolosha wuxuu u ekaa faa'iido u ah boqorka ee ciidamada, oo iyaga ka gees ah. Qabo iyo baabbi'in ciidamada awr mucaaradka yar, si ay uga degsiimooyinka Ruush waxa uu ahaa mid aad u adag loo ilaaliyo. Taa baddalkeeda, mucaaradka, iyada oo aan dhexe adag, si gooni gooni ah u dhaqmeen. Ujeedooyinka kooxaha shaqsi - ka dhaca banal in la abuuro dawlad xor ah. Bashkirs ahaayeen liidata hubaysan, lahaa qalcad ah ma aysan awoodin in ay sameeyaan hareereeyo. Adkaado iyaga waxaa lagu sharaxay isticmaalaya dadka deegaanka, sarreeyaan Soomliyeed lambarada iyo element ah ee la yaab leh. Sababaha guuldaradii of kacdoonkii Bashkir sidoo kale been ka awood la'aanta in ay ka doodaan, halganka internecine joogto ah iyo dilaaliinta Taangiyo iyo siyaasadeed.

Last Bashkir kacdoonkii

isku day Next si kor loogu qaado caasinimo Bashkir ahaa xitaa ka sii badan ku daatay. Sababaha kacdoonkii Bashkir la mid ah kuwii hore. Qaybinta dalka u adeegaya dadka patrimonial keentay fallaago ah ee dadka wadaniga ah. Intii lagu guda jiray kacdoonkii Bashkirs la doortay ay taliye gaar ah - Sultan Giray. Thanks to "run" kacdoonka Ruush Bashkir loo nabareeyey. kacdoonkii Bashkir 1735-1740 sano ayaa galaaftey nolosha ka mid ah afar Bashkir.

In 1755 -1756 sano, ka faa'iidaysanaya ah oo ah midhaha guusha, Empire Ruush uu go'aansado in uu bixiyo Bashkirs ee Masiixiyada. Jebiyo ruxruxo cusub ee caasinimo. Jamhada ma lahayn midnimada, cadaadis ciidamada Ruush, kuwa badan oo iyaga ka mid ah hadhay deel Kazakh. Elizabeth II oo seefqaad ah in ay dhinac ee tataarka Volga ah, iyo mucaaradka ayaa mar kale jabiyay.

In 1835-1840 sano oo xidhiidh la leh wararka xanta ah ee ku saabsan kala guurka ah yaroow Bashkir kacdoonkii ridayeen qarxay hoos mulkiilayaasha serfdom. Waxaa ka qeyb galay wadar ahaan ku saabsan 3,000 oo qof. qastaan karin ciidamada rideen looga adkaaday. Marka aad dhameyso caasinimo Bashkir ah. Serfdom in Russia waa in hoos u dhaca, iyo dalkii patrimonial mar dambe ku taaban. Horumarinta-saarka iyo khayraadka saaridda, kaas oo wax wanaagsan ku saamayn dhaqaalaha gobolka.