Qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin": taariikhda iyo qaddar

The qalada bi'iyo caan ah "Chelyuskin" la dhisay 1933 in Denmark ay si dowladda Soviet. First, markabka cusub ayaa loo magacaabay "Lena" (xaqiiqda ah in la loogu talagalay safarka u dhexeeya Vladivostok iyo afka River Lena ah). The "Chelyuskin" waxaa magacooda loo baxshay maalin ka duulaan caanka kala horjeeda. Steamboat raacay oo dhan heerarka ugu casrisan ee uu waqti. Its barakac wuxuu u dhigmaa 7.5 kun oo metric.

shaqada gaarka ah

Tilmaamo fiican in la kala saaro qalada bi'iyo ah "Chelyuskin", soo jiidatay dareenka sahamisa ee Soviet kala horjeeda Otto Schmidt. geographer iyo xisaab ku riyoon jiray guulaysanaya ee Route Sea Northern - wadada taasoo keentay in Badweynta Pacific ee xeebta waqooyi ee Eurasia. Schmidt diyaar u ahayd inay wax u sameeyo oo uu qorshaha. In 1932, wuxuu ahaa markabka "Aleksandr Sibiryakov" adkaaday jidka Badda White Badda Barents ah.

Qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin" ee enthusiast this waxa uu noqday hab si ay u horumariyaan guusha cilmi ay. Schmidt aaminsiiyey General Directorate of the Sea Route Northern in ay isticmaalaan markabka in ay safar cusub tijaabo ah. Dhibaatadu waxay ahayd in, in kasta oo ay casriga, "Chelyuskin" ugu horrayn wuxuu ahaa markab xamuul ah. Samaynta isagii waxba uma taam u maraan xad dhaaf ah iyada oo u saftay baraf kala horjeeda. Tani waxay keentay in khasaare mustaqbalka ee markabka.

Diyaarinta Your Trip

goolka qarka qalada bi'iyo tug "Chelyuskin" waxyoonay dunida ka badan kuwaas oo u go'ay noloshooda baadhitaan ee Waqooyiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka mid ah codadka xamaasad leh ka dhawaajisay su'aalo sharci ah oo ku saabsan ku haboonaanta ee doonnida isagoo u ambabaxay mustaqbalka. Mid ka mid ah kuwa shakiya sida ayaa ahaa kabtanka markabka, Vladimir Voronin. Ka dib markii ay baareen "Chelyuskin", wuxuu ka hor inta amarka rasmiga ah ee dhowr ah oo ayna duleella u design yiri. The Northern Sea Route, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dareenka bixisay iyaga.

Qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin" dhigay off August 2, 1933. Dhoofnay doonni waxay ahaayeen 112 qof oo ka Murmansk. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ayaa si toos ah uma xiran duulaan ku. Sidaas darteed, mid ka mid ah kormeerayaal xagga qaaday xaas uur leh guddiga. Markabka ayaa laftiisa ayaa si xoogan ciriiriga sida saareen load dheeraad ah, seaplane sahan iyo guryo dhowr prefabricated for degsiimooyinka on Wrangel Island.

In Sea Kara ah

Gudbitaanka qalada bi'iyo Strait Matochkin "Semyon Chelyuskin" waxay ahayd in Badda Kara ah, halkaas oo la sugayay soo floes baraf aad looga cabsado ugu horeysay. carqaladahaas ka adkaaday doon aan wax dhibaato ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, duulaan dheer ka tegey, markabka culus ku lahaa in ay sii wadaan safarka.

In Sea Kara ah, markabka yimid guud ahaan gasiirad cidla ah oo weyn, ma ku qoran map kasta. Daraasado ayaa u sabab ah soo beegay this la yaab leh. The jasiiradda "cusub" soo baxday in jasiirad ee u gaarka ah. Waxaa la furay qarnigii XIX iyo eegid ee 1915, duulaan Otto Sverdrupa. Waxaa soo baxay in gasiiraddaas la maps muuqdo ahaa sida ugu badan ee 50 miles bari ee ay goobta dhabta ah. Qalad suurto gal ahayd si loo ogaado shaqada on "Chelyuskin" astronomer, sahmiyaha Yakov Gakkel.

Dhanka kale, kulan uu la yeeshay baraf khatar sii. dhaawac kowaad wuxuu ahaa musuqmaasuqa ee wareed u ah, soo raacay by jir oo dilaaca. Remov injineer soo design guul of kulan alwaax, bedelka ee qaybo ka haleysan, laakiin ma beddeli xaqiiqada ah in "Chelyuskin" waa in aanu ku lamadegaanka Arctic oo keliya si ay u tagaan.

Si aad u rakibi qaybaha cusub, markabka mashquulsanayeen qabtay qaansada (u qabaneysa carbon). Tani shaqada u cabbudhinayo lahaa in ay sameeyaan wax kasta, saynisyahano, badmaax, oo kuwii ku dhisayna iyo madaxda ganacsiga weel. Xubno ka mid ah duulaan ku kala qaybsameen kooxo iyo wakhti saxiirtaas hawsha. Later, inta lagu guda jiro xilliga qaboobaha baraf ah, mabda'a ah ee ururka ee shaqada ee ku anfacaya mar Chelyuskintsev.

maxaabiista baraf

September 23 markab ayaa la xiraan gebi ahaanba. baraf adag hareereeyey oo waxay ku xidheen oo ku saabsan meel ka mid ah halkaas oo ka hor sanad ka joojiyay markabka "Aleksandr Sibiryakov."

Si aad u gaarto yoolka kama dambaysta ah ee ololaha, Island Wrangel ah, Schmidt kari waayeen. Haddaba qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin" duulaan ku sii jawi cusub. Markabka ayaa u dhaqaaqo bari, oo ay la socdaan, miyigii oo baraf multi-sano ah. November 4 wuxuu galay biyihii Strait Bering ah. baraf ayaa la qaadan khafiif ah, iyo biyaha saafi ah ka shaqaalihii ka soo soocay Jidka dhowr kiilomitir. Waxa ay u muuqatay in gurmadka ammaan waa lama huraan.

Aan ka fogayn ah "Chelyuskin" ahaa qalada bi'iyo "Litke". Sirkaal u bixiyey si ay u caawiyaan markabka inay xabsiga barafka baxsadaan. Laakiin Otto Schmidt ayaa diiday in ay taageeraan rajada ah in markab laftiisa free noqon doonaa. Wakhtigan, saynisyahan ku sameeyay qalad dilaa ah, kaas oo ugu danbeyn ka bixisay off markabka oo dhan qalada bi'iyo ah "Chelyuskin".

Moody, miyigii oo bedelay jihada iyo doonnida u soo diray dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee cidlada Arctic ah. Wuxuu ogaaday inuu wax kajirin Schmidt horeba ay iskood, codsan gargaarka ee "Litke", laakiin waxay ahayd goor dambe. Haddaba markabka la filayaa wintering in barafka laga badiyay. Waxaa intaa dheer, kala horjeeda haddana waxaa ka dhawaajisay alaarmiga - mid ka mid ma kaa kafaala-qaadi karo ammaanka ee doonnida in xaaladaha ba'an ee North Fog. 13 February 1934 markabka cusub ayaa dhab ahaan u tegey inuu soo hooseysa. Sababta jirka ee dhimashada qalada bi'iyo ah "Chelyuskin" jiray cadaadis xoog badan oo baraf ah, jabinta iyada oo uu dhinaca bidix.

Qaxidda weel

A saacado yar ka hor denouement ah, markayse u caddaatay in markabka ilaa hoos tegi doonaa, oo uu ku bilaabay geeddiga ah ku degdegin dadka. Kooxdu waxay u suurtagashay in ay wareejiso baraf ku wareegsan oo ka mid ah qalabka iyo aaladaha. Waxyaalahaasu waxay ka ahaayeen ku filan si ay u abuuraan ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah xerooyinka ku-meelgaarka. In hal qof ayaa ku dhintay inta lagu jiro qaxidda. Isaga shilka naxdinta leh jajabiyey wareegaayo xamuulka.

Qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin", kuwaas oo taariikhda dhammaadkeedu shantii subaxnimona fiidkii iyo harsan baraf 104 oo qof. iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen laba carruur ah, oo ay ku jirto gabadh dhashay mid ka mid ah kormeerayaal xagga ah. Caught mid ka mid ah dunida ah aan furfurnayn kala horjeeda, markabka ayaa maalintii labaad ku sugan caasimadda ah ee fariinta musiibada ka gudbay. Isgaarsiinta Chelyuskinites aasaasay iyada oo ay kormeerayaan of operator ka tirsan raadiyaha Krenkel. Xad dhow, at Cape Wellen, saldhigga xeebta ku taala, taas oo lagu kala qaado fariin. Marka Otto Schmidt, sanad ka hor ku jirtay xaalad deg deg ah "Sibiryakov", wuxuu iska helay xaalad la mid ah. saldhigyada Xeebta ma jirin, oo xiriir la aasaasay iyada oo Crabber Badda ee Okhotsk.

nolosha xerada

Helitaanka soo gudbeen floe barafka, markabka mashquulsanayeen ka doonnida oo keliya ma huruddaa teendhooyinka bacaha, laakiin sidoo kale qalabka dhismaha. Marka ayaa qarka u saaran geeri tusay wadajirka kooxda iyo urur, si ay xerada ku suurtagashay in la dhiso ilaa xad nolol fiican. Barrack la dhisay, jikada, iyo munaarad signal a.

Laga soo bilaabo maalmood ee ugu horreeya ee aad joogtid on barafka ma aha shaqo cilmi gooyey. Maalin kasta hydrologists iyo kormeerayaal xagga si loo ogaado goobta saxda ah ee xerada. Fakadaan baraf ma aysan joogsan, sidaas darteed waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in si joogto ah loo xisaabiyo ay wadataa ee goobtaada. Ujeedada this theodolite iyo sextant. Inta lagu jiro our joogitaankaaga on barafka ah shaqaalihii markabka ayaa la si xun u xanuunsan oo kaliya Otto Schmidt, kuwaas oo lagu helay in ay pneumonia. Sababta oo ah cudur ka mid ah madaxa duulaan xeryaha ahaa daadgureeyay ma ka mid yihiin kuwa la soo dhaafay iyo 76aad.

markabka baaris

In Moscow, badbaadinta qalada bi'iyo ah "Chelyuskin", ama halkii, faa'iido u ah dunida oo ku saabsan dadka ay, ayaa lagu eedeeyay guddiga dawlad, madax xubin sare ee xisbiga Valerian Kuibyshev. Maalinta kowaad kadib markii ay heleen warar xubnaha dhibaato dawladda ayaa loo diray telegraam woqooyi yididiilo leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xataa balanqaad farxad golaha dhexe ma waxaa ku adag tahay hawlgalka la joojiyay.

sahamiyayaal Polar ahaayeen fog in sida kaliya ee lagu badbaadin ahayd in ay isticmaalaan diyaaradaha. In si dhaqso ah si ay Chukotka tegey duuliye fiican Soviet. Lahjadaha of isticmaalaya eyga-gaari baraf ama kala guurka cagta ah ayaa ku dhow isla markiiba xaaqay. On cagahoodii ku baraf pack maalintii kala horjeeda safri laga yaabaa fogaan ah 10 kiiloomitir. At-guurka noocan oo kale ah Navigator ku Valerian Albanova on Franz Josef Land, wixii ka dhacay 1914, ka kooxdiisa Afar iyo toban qof oo ka badbaaday laba kaliya.

Samatabbixinta ee markabka ee qalada bi'iyo ah "Chelyuskin" waxay ahayd hawlgal gaar ah, haddii oo kaliya sababtoo ah in aan duulista Arctic ma jirin, ma aha oo kaliya in USSR, laakiin sidoo kale in wadamada kale ee dunida. Waxaa ka mid ah duuliyayaasha ugu horeysay ay bilaabeen inay u raadiso Schmidt iyo raggiisii cadaato pilot Anatoly Liapidevskii. Ka hor inta aadan ugu dambeyntii ka heli Chelyuskinites, Aviator dhigay 28 ku guuldareystay isku day in la helo meel bannaan oo loo baahan yahay. Kaliya 29 jeer, 5 March 1934, Liapidevskii ogaaday hoose ee seaplane ugu horeysay, ka dibna dadka isaga ka ag dhow.

Haddaba, marka waxaa la ogaadey meeshii qalada bi'iyo tiimbadeen "Chelyuskin", qaxidda socdo helay. Ant-4 Lyapidevsky qaaday on board oo dhan haween iyo carruur (12) oo wuxuu u diray tuulada ugu dhow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii guul hore uu ahaa mid daba socday by failure ugu horeysay. Jejebiyey matoorada dayuuradaha samatabbixinta, ka dib markii taas hawlgalka waxaa hakad.

Isticmaalka diyaaradaha ee this, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha oo kooban. Si woqooyi oo waxaan tegey Saiarrada. Waxa kale oo ay isku dayeen in ay jebiyaan Chelyuskintsev qalada bi'iyo "Krasin" iyo ATVs taageeraya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa diyaaradda kaalin weyn ku natiijada guul sheekada taxanaha ah ee kala horjeeda. All laba bilood ah nolosha ee barafka oo ka mid ah dadka deggan xerada ayaa ku hawlan in ay diyaar u yihiin la raadiyo iyaga airfields duulista. Maalin kasta, oo nin ee gelinba nadiifinta runways, aan rajo laga badiyay inay dib u laabtaan.

samatabbixinta Continued

Chelyuskinites jiidaya xabsiga baraf dib u bilaabay 7 April. Haddaba hawlgalka ku lug dhowr duuliye caan ah. Michael Vodopianov dambe ka qeyb qaataan sahamiyayaal saldhiga timi ugu horeysay diraya "Cidhifka Waqooyi-1", iyo Nicholas Kamanin oo madax ka ah kooxda koowaad ee cosmonauts Soviet noqday. Waxaa ka mid ah samatabbixiyeyaasha iyo duuliyayaasha kale halyeeyga ahaa: Mauritius horseflies Vasiliy Molokov, Ivan Doronin. pilot kale, Sigismund Levanevsky, uu shil - uu sidoo kale helay iyo soo badbaadiyay.

Qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin", kuwaas oo taariikhda ayaa ka buuxa sheekooyin sida, mid istaahila in novel qaro ama qalabka screen qaali ah, wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah jilayaasha ugu waaweyn ee uu waqti. Magacani wuxuu noqday mid la xidhiidha ruuxa madax adag oo geesinimo ah kuwa ka caawiyay dadka inuu ku soo laabto guriga. Xanniban ee markabka kala horjeeda baraf gudbay in Vankarem - xerada Chuckchee yar, taas oo uu noqday xarunta hawgalkan lagu badbaadinayo oo dhan.

Waxa xiiso leh in dhowr qof oo doonnida ka, iyadoo la isticmaalayo seaplane ka badbaaday in ay gaaraan gool u tari jirtay oo keliya. Socon la dhigto tagay waayen lunsan kabtanka Vladimir Voronin. April 13, isagu wuxuu ahaa in Vankarem. maalmood Final hawlgalka ka dhacay xaaladda sii kordheeysa dareemayaasha - Icefield si tartiib tartiib ah baabbi'iyey. Maalinta ku xigta ka dib markii samatabbixinta Voronin duufaanka awood baabbi'iyey xerada ku meel gaadh ah.

Ahkhiro

Inta lagu guda jiro markabka samatabbixinta oo naftiisa qalada bi'iyo "Chelyuskin", taas oo uu helay sawir ka mid ah oo dhan wargeysyada Soviet iyo dad badan oo adduunka, waxay ahaayeen xarunta dareenka malaayiin dad ah. Farxad at natiijada guul riwaayadaha ahaa ee dalka oo kala horjeeda. Naciimo dadka caadiga ah waxay noqon karaan kuwo si fudud u yiri: waxba la mid ah ee taariikhda duulista dunida iyo navigation aan weli dhacay.

ka qayb qaatay qaxidda duuliye Chelyuskinites ahaayeen Heroes ugu horeysay ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Tani abaalmarinta ugu sareysa dalka ayaa la aasaasay oo ku saabsan ka hor dhacdooyinka ee North Fog. Waxa uu helay Order of Lenin iyo laba Americans (William Le Verrier iyo Klayd Armsted), kuwaas oo qaatay daryeelka ee diyaaradda laga keeno, si gaar ah iibsanayo waayo gurmadka markabka u muuqday qarkii dhimashada. Ka qaybgalayaashu waxay ahaayeen Tacaddi barafka la kulanka kibirsan ee Moscow. Dhamaan dadka waaweyn Chelyuskintsev badbaaday qaboobaha khatar ah, abaal Red Banner.

afterword

dhimashada ee doonnida ka dhigay hoggaanka Soviet in ay baddalaan fikradahooda si cilmi-baaris oo kala horjeeda. Ka dib markii in Moscow soo laabtay, Schmidt ku dhawaaqay Fatxi ee ku Route Sea Northern. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khubarada badan oo qalaad loo tixgeliyaa natiijada duulaan si aan farxad ahaato. Mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, laakiin in ay waayo-aragnimo USSR Chelyuskinskaya waxa uu soo bartay. Tan iyo khamiirka bilaabeen in ay koraan raxan ka mid ah hadal furfurayaasha. Haddaba markabka mar kasta oo la socda Maraakiibta xamuulka caadiga ah in aan si madax-bannaan uu jidkiisa ka dhigi kara oo lamadegaanka ku kala horjeeda.

inay dhawr isku day heli halyeeyga godan "Chelyuskin" gudihiisa xilligii Soviet. Laba ka mid ah sahamo search ka mid ah ayaa soo abaabulay in 1970. ka qaybgalayaasha More nasiib xilli sanadkii 2006, taas oo ka caawisay qabtaan maamulka Degmada Banaan Chukotka ah, xarunta oo ka mid ah ciidamada badda iyo Academy Ruush ee Sciences. Khubarada ay awoodaan in ay ka talona kasoo kicin qaybo ka mid ah markabka. artifacts Kuwan waxaa laga soo diray si ay u Copenhagen, halkaas oo uu mar dhisay iyo "Chelyuskin". Ka dib markii hubin biruhu hawo ah, khubaro ku gaarnay heer ah in ay dhab ahaantii iska leh waayen u yimid.