Background aragtida Darwin ee. Fikradda ah asalka ah ee noocyada

By qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii XIX ay qaan dhan shuruud for ah ee aragtida Darwin ee. Maxaa loo baahan yahay wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan dhalaalaya oo geesi kuwaas oo awoodi doonaan in ay dejinayaan fikrad cusub oo ku saabsan asalka ah ee noocyada. Guud ahaan, xaaladahan waxa loo qaybin karaa laba qaybood - sayniska iyo dhaqan-dhaqaale.

naqdin creationism

Charles Darwin diyaariyey ah theses aasaasiga ah ee aragtida ah ee horumar in uu buugga "The Origin of Species," oo lagu daabacay 1859. Waxaa marka hore waxa uu u adeegsaday ereyga "doorashada dabiiciga ah". fikradaha Darwin ee noqday kacaanka dhab ah ee sayniska iyo miyir dadweynaha. dadweynaha cilmaani ah waxaa xoog ku dooday, qof saynisyahano heshiin, qaar baa shakiyey. Church of aragtida ah ee horumar markiiba cambaareeyay.

Tani ma aha la yaab leh, sababtoo ah dadka qarniyo badan la rumeysan yahay in dunida oo dhan iyo dad xayawaan ay la abuuray by Ilaah. Masiixiyiinta sheekada ku tilmaamay in Kitaabka Quduuska ah. Fikradda ah oo ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada qaar ka mid ah Absolute si abuurista nolosha Afka sayniska ayaa loo magacaabay creationist. views Kuwani aan la warsan qarniyo fara badan. Oo kaliya ee creationism qarnigii XVIII sida aragtida ah, markii hore si xun u dhaleeceeyay by faylosuufiinta iyo aqoon yahanno. Markaasaa waxaa u timid dhiran koowaad ee aragtida Darwin ee.

ku saabsan nooca tirayn fikradaha

In Faylasuuf qarnigii XVIII ka IMMANUEL KANT garawsannay in dhulka uu had iyo jeer ma jiraye yimid, oo waxaa jiray waqti cayiman. "Universal History Dabiiciga ah iyo Aragtida Samooyinka," uu dhibic of view uu shaaca ka qaaday in si faahfaahsan kitaabkii. Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah weeraradii ugu horeeyay ee ku saabsan Church iyo aragtidooda creationist.

In 1830, aasaasihii cilmi dhul casriga ah - naturalist Charlz Layel - in ay aado aragtida ah in dhulka isbedel dusha muddo, taas oo ku xidhan isbedbedelka cimilada, hawl Kobenhagen iyo arrimo kale. Lyell horeysay timidly soo jeediyay in dunida organic ma ahayn had iyo jeer isku mid. Uu fikrad la xaqiijiyay by cilmi paleontological of naturalist Faransiis Zhorzha Kyuve. shuruudaha Kuwani aragtida Darwin ee keentay in cilmi-baaris cusub.

Fikradda ah midnimada, degaanka ku xeeran

Qeybtii hore ee qarnigii XIX ee ay astaan u daahfurtay, caddaynaya nooca in uu yahay mid ka mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, Swedish Himik Yens Berzelius caddeeyeen in dhirta iyo xoolaha ka kooban yihiin waxyaalaha la mid ah sida jidhka ka imanba. farmashiyaha Jarmal Fridrih Veler iyo dhakhtar waqti isku mid ah soo maray by ugu horeysay heshay horeysay acid oxalic ka dibna HOL. baarayaasha Kuwani waxay muujiyeen in xeryahooda organic lagu dhexsameeysmo laga yaabaa in ka imanba. Waayo, muuqaalka ma u baahan tahay ciidan nooleeya rabaani ah, sida uu ku sameeyay creationists ah.

By Yurub qarnigii XIX ku daalaeday galay rukummada fog ee adduunka. In kaymaha kulaylaha ee Africa iyo Dhuldhoobo ku kala horjeeda America diray guutadii wax cilmi baaris. Seynisyahanno ka soo laabtay guriga, la wadaago indhaynta ay. In Europe, la aasaasay si cad u fahmaan sida kala duwan oo adag dunida. sharuud Kuwani for ah ee aragtida Darwin ayaa loo ogol yahay saynisyahan British inay isku ururiso kaydka weyn ee macluumaadka ku saabsan noocyada kala duwan ee xoolaha iyo dhirta ka soo adduunka oo dhan.

furitaanka jidh

In 1807, xayawaan Jarmal Alexander von Humboldt wuxuu ahaa aasaasihii aragtida ah in qaybinta aan ollogga ah ee noolaha ku xiran tahay shuruudaha jiritaankooda. isaga raacaa ayaa sii waday in ay bartaan xiriirka ka dhexeeya dubato iyo deegaanka.

Waxaa jira predictors cusub sayniska ee aragtida Darwin ee. nidaamo New waajibo, oo ay ku jiraan fataahadda barbardhig. Anatomy, barashada qaabka gudaha ee noocyada kala duwan soo gaarnay heer ah in ay leeyihiin in caadiga ah. Botanists waqti isku mid ah ka sameeyey horumar degdeg ah a in embryology.

Horumarinta taranta beeraha

Waxa intaa dheer in cilmi-baarista, waxaa sidoo kale waa shuruud bulsho iyo dhaqaale ee ah ee aragtida Darwin ee. saynisyahan British hor daabaco buug uu qoray ugu caansan "The Origin of Species" bartay wax badan oo taranta beeraha. Waxaa asalkiisu ka soo jeedo ee horumarinta dhaqaale ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska mahad qarnigii XIX.

Its qaniimooyin gumeysiga kordhay. Tani waxay ogol yahay beeralayda inay isticmaalaan kala duwan ee dhaqanka beeraha. shuruudaha dhaqan-dhaqaale ee aragtida Darwin ee waa in milkiilayaasha ganacsiga gaar ahaan beeraha ayaa noqday kiimikaysan loo hagaajiyo dalagyada si aad u hesho dalagga ka badan. Tan waa la sameeyey by yahay doorashada. dhaqamada Beddelidda ay waafajinta weyn xaaladaha cusub ee dhaqaalaha keentay in Darwin in fikradda ah in nidaamka la mid ah ayaa dhici karta in dabeecadda.

Saamaynta ay ku waxbarista dhaqaalaha suuqa

On saynisyahan Ingiriisi ku lahaa views saameyn weyn ee Adam Smith oo ah dhaqaaleyahan ka. Wuxuu u abuuray Eebe aragtida dhaqaalaha suuqa. Waxay carrabka ku adkeeyay muhiimadda ay leedahay tartan u dhexeeya shirkadaha kala duwan. Sababtoo ah shirkadaha tartankan u baahan tahay in si joogto ah loo horumariyo tayada alaabooyinka loo bixiyey inuu ka iibsan.

On mabda'a isku mid ah si ay u dhisaan aragtida ah Darwin ee Asalkii nin iyo dhammaan noocyada kale. Sharcigan ayaa u yeedhay doorashada dabiiciga ah. Darwin ayaa xusay in ee dabiiciga ah ay u noolaadaan oo kaliya kuwa noocyada in ay ku habboon shuruudaha beddelo. In deegaanka, waxa uu ahaa, sida dhaqaalaha suuqa. Waxaan ku adkaysanayaan on aragtida this Darwinian (asal ahaan aadanaha).

Aragti Malthusian Dadka

meel fiican u yaqaan aragtida Darwin ee ugu horeeyay ee u muuqday, oo si cilmi ah demographer Ingiriisi mahad Thomas Malthus. Tani cilmiga ee wuxuu qoray in ay aado fikradda ah in dadyowga bini'aadanka ah u korayo si deg deg ah u kordha ee wax soo saarka cuntada marka la barbar dhigo. Malthus u maleeyay in ay ahayd in khilaaf this ay keeni karto in gaajo mass iyo hoos u dhac in dadka.

asalka ah ee aragtida noocyada xanbaarsan yahay mabda'a si dhan ee dabiiciga ah guud ahaan. khayraadka Limited si degdeg ah ama goor dambe keeni dagaal u dhexeeya dunida ku nool - Charles Darwin soo gabagabeeyay, oo ku salaysan fikrado la soo jeediyay by Thomas Malthus. Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan dabiiciga ah ee iyaga u gaar ah si ay u ilaaliyaan dheelitirka u dhexeeya noocyada, sidaas darteed oo dhan haysan cunto ku filan, dhul, iyo wixii la mid ah D..

galku Darwin ee

Ugu dambeyntii, shardi la soo dhaafay in muuqaalka kore ee aragtida Darwin ee ahayd inuu safar u gaar ah oo dunida ku saarnaa ee "Beagle". Safarkan ku dhawaad shan sano (1831-1836) socotay. Cilmi qayb qaatay duulaan ka, kuwaas oo ujeedada ahayd in ay bartaan xeebaha of South America. Sayidka Darwin fursad gaar ah si ay indhaha u gaar ah arkaan nooca meelaha ugu dahsoon iyo fog ee adduunka.

England ayaa soo ururiyay tiro badan xaqiiqooyinka in loo ogol yahay isaga si aad u hubiso of sax ah aragtida ah ee horumar. First, wuxuu helay mid ahaanshaha u dhaxeeya armadillos iyo sloths of South America iyo fossils dhawrsan, oo cilmibaadhe oo helay intii lagu guda joogsiyada on waynaha. Second, Darwin shakhsi ka dhaadhiciyay in, wada jir ah ula isbedelka goobaha juqraafiyeed beddelo iyo dubato. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada in noolaa on xeebaha South American, mar dambe qabtay kulaale, u dhaw dhulbaraha.

On Jasiiradaha Galapagos ah, Darwin helay hannaankii kale. On kasta oo ka mid ah jasiiradaha ee kooxdan lahaa ugu yaraan hal nooc oo u gaar ah oo xoolaha (gorayada, mulacyada iyo D. sidaas on.). dhawrid Tani waxay awood u saynisyahan British ah in loo qaato in mid kasta oo horumarineed zone go'doonsan tagaa on. All gunaanad ah Darwin soo koobay iyaga oo soo saaray sida aragtida cusub ee uu buugga "The Origin of Species" (1859). Uu fikrad ah ee horumar ayaa dunida sayniska.