Yuu yahay Ivan Fedorov? Biography Ivan Fedorov kooban

Yuu yahay Ivan Fedorov ogyahay, laga yaabee in maanta oo iskuul kasta. From buugaagta taariikhda carruurta warqabin xaqiiqada ah in buugga ugu horeysay ee Russian daabacay abuuray qofkan. Sidoo kale waxay ogaan in uu ahaa casriga ah ee Ivana Groznogo iyo aqoon aad qof by heerarka xiliyo hore. Laakiin xaqiiqada badan oo xiiso leh uga noqdeen nolosha ah tiradaasi halyeeyga aan la soo bandhigay suugaanta waxbarasho. Iyo weliba sida qodxan kaliya ahaa mustaqbalkiisa horyaal Ruushka.

Buuggu wuxuu ugu horeysay ee Russia

buugga koowaad ee awoowayaasha Russia oo casri ah ayaa la kulmay jacayl iyo ixtiraam weyn. Laakiinse bal yaa Ivan Fyodorov, deggan Russia, ka dibna weli ma ay ogayn. Ka dib oo dhan, noocooda ah ee daabacaadan casriga ah muddo dheer u muuqday dhalashada ninkaas ka hor. In qarniyadii dhexe hore, buugaag aan la daabacan oo ay soo guuriyeen. waxaa sameeyey gaar ah u tababaran oo qof - culimmada. Shaqada khubaro ah, kuwaas oo ahaa mid culus, iyo wax soo saarka shaqada jiray in ka yar afar pages maalin.

In bartamihii qarnigii XV ah, Jarmal ah Johann Gutenberg abuurtay waraaqaha la dhaqaajin karo, waayo, daabacaadda. war abuurashadoodii Tani waxay siisay kor u qaada dhalashada warshadaha daabacaadda ee Europe. Laakiin marka hore Moscow ee daabacaadda guriga, oo waxaa loo abuuray waxaa dhexe ee qarnigii XVI ka, waxa ay u dhaqmeen keliya ku salaysan gobolka. Xaggiisa Ivan Grozny amartay in la dhiso ujeedadaas dhismaha gaar ah, kaas oo, sida ku cad xogta conjectural, iyo Ivan Fyodorov shaqeeyay. Pioneer siiyey warbixin la shaqayn jiray qalab daabacay daabacay Moscow buugaagta laba kaliya. Si dhakhso ah, oo uu ku qasbay in ay ka baxaan guryahooda. New, habka horumar ma ahan in ay dhadhanka copyists. Oo kanu ma aha la yaab leh, sababtoo ah abuurista mashiinka typographic diiday ilaha ugu weyn ee dakhliga ay.

In la masaafuriyey

The madbacadaha buugga ugu horeysay ee Russia ma keeni naxariis ma aha oo kaliya ka mid ah copyists xirfadeed, laakiin sidoo kale wadaaddada. fiiriyey Last in sabab dhaxaltooyo habka cusub ee. Sidaas darteed dhismaha daabacaadda shirqool ah, ee ku taalla Nikolskaya Street, waxay ahayd on dabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira version kale sida ay taas this kirishtaan dab aan la xiriira. Noocan oo kale ah arrin wakhtigaas in ay dhacdo alwaax joogto ah Moscow. Iyo sayidkii kuma uu dhicin weydiin boqorka amaanaa amaah kale oo dhismaha jaraa'id daabacaadda cusub.

Full ee qarsoon Biography Ivana Fedorova. Si kooban u odhan kartaa in sanado badan printer ugu horeysay ee Russian qaadataa meel aan in Moscow, iyo dal qalaad. First, Fedorov u tageen inay Grand Duchy reer Lithuania, ka dib - si Lviv, halkaas oo uu awooday in la furo dukaankiisa u gaar ah si nabad ah.

"Rasuulka The"

Biography Ivan Fedorov leedahay wax badan oo dhibco caddaan. Ajnabiga, uu bartay in Krakow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jaamacadda ka heleen macluumaad ma rumayn tababarka horyaal tahay typographic Ruushka.

Iyada oo waxyaabaha aasaasiga ah ee daabacaadda Western Yurub Fedorov ahaa yaqaan. Laakiin daabacaada buugaagta ee Russia waa in la abuuro warqad, barbaro on dhaqanka suugaanta Ruush. In ka badan uu buugga ugu horeysay Fedorov shaqeeyay sannad dhan. Ka caawi ay dhacdo in this waxa ay bixiyaan uu associate Peter Mstislavets. Buuggu wuxuu la odhan jiray "Rasuulka The." Font ee shaqada this farshaxanka typographic ahaa mid aad u pretentious oo wax fiiriyey sida qoraal gacmeedka ah. cutubka kasta oo bilaabmaa a warqado cas weyn, kaas oo la fuliyay in style ornate casri ah. In kitaabkan, qoraaga ayaa sidoo kale xiriir la joogo in astaamaha Greek iyo uguurtay.

edition cusub ee Biography ka Ivana Fedorova la soo bandhigay. horyaal kooban Qisadii ku saabsan waxbarashada uu. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, farshaxanka typographic bartay isaga sayidkiisii deenishka.

"Breviary"

Lama oga ilaa maantadan la joogo, sidaas darteed haddii macluumaad lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ku saabsan horyaal waxbarashada. Life waxaa ka buuxa qarsoon Ivana Fedorova by qoro of sano. Laakiin, dabcan, Ninkanu wuxuu lahaa oo dhan xirfadaha ku lugta leh daabacaadda waqtiga. The horyaal Ruushka caanka noqday wax xardha, typographer, iyo in la abuuro noocyada gaarka ah.

Tani waxay ka mid tahay qoraaga of buugaagta Ruush ugu horeysay uu ku qoray sida hawl hadiyad ah, xagga sare ka soo diray. shuqulladiisa u muuqdaan in ay leeyihiin content ruuxi ah. Sidaa darteed ma aha la yaab in edition labaad ee Fedorov iyo Mstislavets ahaa a collection of salaadda. "Chasovnyk" wakiil mid ka mid ah tusaalooyin horeeya buugaagta. Sida laga soo xigtay buugga, kaas oo lahaa qaab jeebka, carruurta oo sannado badan si ay u bartaan inay wax akhriyaan.

Biography Ivan Fedorov maragga kooban oo ku saabsan hawlaha uu dalka reer Russia. "Breviary" ahaa buugga labaad iyo kan ugu dambeeya, la daabacay ee guriga daabacaadda Moscow ee. Laakiin raacdada ee farshaxanka typographic Fedorov ma lumin inta kale ee maalmood uu.

"Injiil"

Jidka shakhsiyadda weyn mar walba waa adag iyo qodxan. Taariikhda ugu horeysay ee buug-printer - tusaale cad. Biography Ivan Fedorov dhacdooyin murugo hodan. dhibaatooyin badan oo isaga sugaya nolosha. Laakiin isagoo la masaafuriyey, waa aan ka yarayn ku adkaystay in abuurista curiyay buugga. Iyada oo ku saleysan in Duchy of Lithuania, Fedorov ahaa awoodaan in ay sii wadaan shaqada ay heli jiray cimrigiisii oo dhan. Wada jir ah ula Gregory Hetman Chodkiewicz uu ahaa awoodaan in ay sii daayaan ah "injiilka macalinka."

"Psalms"

Biography Ivana Fedorova iyo mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed waxaa la xidhiidha magacyada sida Grigoriy Hodkevich, Peter Mstislavets. Dadkani waqtiyo kala duwan, waxay ahaayeen shurako ah nin weyn this ee daabacaadda. "Psalms" - buug in Fedorov ayaa hore u sii daayay iyaga u gaar ah. Chodkiewicz by time in iska daayeen inay qaataan xiiso in daabacaadda sababta oo ah da 'weyn. Mstislavets at martiqaad ka mid ah asxaabta Lithuanian dhaqaaqay Vilna.

"Rasuulka": Lions

Yuu yahay Ivan Fedorov, Lviv ogaa qof kasta oo loo iftiimiyey. In Ukraine, nafaqo dareemay la'aanta ah ee erayga qoran. Waxayna warwareegi jireen muddo sanado ah by magaalooyinka iyo wadamada, Fedorov ayaa helay hoy ku meel gaar ah halkan, iyo mahad ah dadka sharaf saameynta xaqiijin karin isweydaarsi. cusub "Rasuul" waxaa la daabacay ee magaalada this. Inkasta oo dadka deegaanka iyo baahida loo qabo in la baro, guriga daabacaadda la dhakhsaha badan u baabba'nay.

In hordhaca ah ee alaabooyinka ayaa dibadda soo saaray, Ivan Fedorov qeexan akhristayaasha ku saabsan madbacadaha buugga cadaadis ka kaniisad Moscow.

"Primer"

On su'aasha ah ee waa kuwa Ivan Fedorov, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la siiyo jawaab hal eray. Ninkanu waa tiradaasi cad ah oo uu waqti, isagu waa abuuraha qoraalka Ruush, publisher ee buugga ugu horeysay. The yaqaan "Primer" arkeen mahad light in this shakhsiyad aad u fiican.

Waxaad samayn kartaa tilmaan qiyaas ah ee Ivan Fedorov ku salaysan xog taariikhi ah iyo taxadiri farshaxanka Ruush daabacaada. Wuxuu ahaa nin cajiib ah waxna soo baxday. Ilaa maalmood ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa uu marna ka joogsadeen hawlaha firfircoon ma aha oo kaliya in heshiis la daabacayo joogtada ah, iyo xitaa ku tashaday military a qoriga dhabta ah tuuray. Nasiib darro, qorshihiisa ma suuroobin in ay sabab u tahay dhimashada lama filaan ah.

xabsiga

workshop Last Fedorova ahaa oo xarig ah magaalada. In abaabulka jaraa'id daabacaadda this inay isaga caawiyaan oo ahaa amiirkii degaanka ah, kuwaas oo deganaansho waxaa loo sharfay sida xarunta dhaqanka iyo waxbarashada gobolka. iyo munaaraddayda dheer ayaa loo qoondeeyay ee madbacadaha buug-isweydaarsiga, waxa uu ku yaalaa on qararka webiga. Halkan, odayga u suurtagashay in ay u daabacaan oo ku saabsan shan buug. marka hore Eastern Slavic Kitaabku waxa uu ahaa kii ugu dambeeyay oo horyaal daabacaadda Ruush ugu weyn. Its wareegga dhaafto kun iyo nuqulada, oo wakhtigaas ahaa arrin muhiim ah.

In diyaarinta koob oo ka mid ah Kitaabka Quduuska ah, taas oo la odhan jiray "Ostrog", waxay ahayd in soosaarka iyo asaanay jilayaasha soo bandhigey shan noocyada cusub. khaladaad badan oo ku jira nuqul ah by Ivanom Groznym diraya, hoos u dhigi habka abuurista kitaabkan. Si aad edit dhigooda ah loo baahan yahay oo ku qoran luqadaha ajnabiga ah.

Inkastoo uu xamaasad karka iyo dadaalka oo cajiib ah, waxay horyaal ee daabacaadda Ruush dhintay faqri. Oo waxaa lagu aasay dal qalaad, iyo laba qarniyo dhimashada Taalladaas la qabrigiisa ka dib markii la waayay.