Waa maxay nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah (biology)

Laga bilaabo xilliga hore ee taariikhda, nin ayaa isku dayay in uu dhex gelin mabaadi'da dunida oo heli jawaabta su'aasha ah waxa dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka dabiiciga ah. Waxa uu fahamsan yahay - adduunyo ee dhaw waa habboonaanta iyo sida ay u sharciyada qaarkood. Tixgeli ugu muhiimsan ee sayniska noolaha nidaamyada organic ee adduunka, inta lagu guda jiro abuuray taariikhda horumarka ee bulshada aadanaha.

kala soocidda ugu horeysay ee dabiiciga ah ee noolaha

Waxaa la soo jeediyay by culimada Greek - dhalay biology - Aristotle. Dalbashada habka ay u barbar ee characters morphological iyo jidh, ayuu ka abuuray soocidda xoolaha iyo aasaaska u dhigeen mustaqbalka ee nidaamo noolaha - systematics. Aristotle ee jawaabta su'aasha waxa dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka dabiiciga ah, akhri sida soo socota: dunida u qaybsan yahay laba boqortooyo - nooca walax iyo nooleyn. Arintaan, markeeda, hierarchically dhisay, dhirta xayawaanka ka dibna - ninkii.

View - taxon hoose ee bayoolajiga

Waxaan sii wadi si aad u hesho jawaabo su'aasha ah, waa maxay nooca nidaamka dabiiciga ah. In biology, qeexidda qaabdhismeedka dunida soo socota - waxaa chronologically amar ku bixiyay in la magacaabo bakhtiyeen oo jira waqti xaadirkaan ka mid ah noolaha, iyo sidoo kale ay qaybinta by jooge jaranjaro iyo taxa la xiriira - cutub oo kala soocidda. marka hore waa u ekayd. Waxay u adeegtaa sida saldhig u ah Taxonomy casriga ah.

Nidaamka Linnaean dunida organic

Waxaa la diyaariyey ee 1735 ee shaqada caanka ah "Systema Naturae". Karl Linney, isagoo rumeyn waxbarashada D. Ray iyo Buffon, unit ku qaadataa foomka of soocidda. Sida creationist ah, in uu aaminsan yahay in noocyada waa joogto ah iyo is beddelin. Saynisyahanka bixisaa waydaarsanayeen binary on kaas oo u shaqeeyo kasta oo nool oo lagu qoro magacaaga ka kooban laba eray, tusaale ahaan: .. Nin macquul ah, nin ku anfacaya, buttercup oo berrin bannaan, iwm Ilaa halkan soo gaadh dhan bayoolajiga isticmaalaan magacyo binary noocyada, iyo nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah waa waxbarasho adag xubno ka jiraan isku xiran, ie. e., iyagu waa hoosaadyo.

Fadilid roon dunida organic waxaa la soo jeediyay by C. Linnaeus. Waxaa ka mid ah boqortooyooyinka: dhirta, xayawaanka iyo macdan, taas oo iyana kala qeybsamay unugyada waaweyn - noocyada, genera, amarada. Tusaale ahaan: boqortooyada warshadda ayaa u qaybsan 24 fasallada, iyo kuwa - 116 unug ku salaysan qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah gametophyte iyo xubnaha taranka - iyo antheridium archegonium.

nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah iyo masiibo aragti

naturalist Faransiis qudbad Georges Cuvier horrantii qarnigii 19aad waxaa ku hawlan cilmi berrinkii anatomy la barbardhigo iyo paleontology. Xaqiiqooyin la helay ogolaan doonaa saynisyahano ay u muujiyaan fikirka ah in, markii dambe, ay ku riday ayaa sal u ah in uu aragti u gaar ah, si ay uga jawaabaan su'aasha ah "waxa dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka dabiiciga ah." Jawaabta oo gaaban waa sida soo socota - jooge ayaa lagu dhisay on mabda'a ah ee qaab-dhismeedka wayn Fadilid ka kooban oo la xidhiidha geedi-dhismeedka iyo nolosha kala duwan ee noolaha.

Fossils ahaayeen caddaynta xaqiiqada ah in inta u dhaxaysa noocyada bakhtiyeen iyo casriga ah ee noolaha, ma jiraan qaabab KMG ah. Cuvier iyo kuwa uu sababay eynu ka mid ah kooxaha oo dhan xoolaha, sida mulacyada naasleey-sida Rafaa, loo arkaa masiibo dhulka ee meertada ee dhulku la gariiray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, yahannada u hoggaansamaan views evolutionary, dhaleeceeyay cilmiga Cuvier. Ugu dambeyntii, faraqa u dhaxeeya bayoolajiga ah ayaa la waayay la soo bixitaanka of shuqullada Charles Darwin iyo A. Uolessa ku saabsan asalka ah ee noocyada.

xiqiijiyay in evolutionary Lamarck ee

saynisyahan Faransiiska Jean-Baptiste Lamarck horrantii qarnigii 19aad, hab ugu horeysay horjeeda evolutionary in abuurista nidaam dabiiciga ah ee dabeecadda adag halka fikrado creationism. Waxa uu shaqada ka multivolume "Faransiis Flora" qoray, horumariyo nidaamka qoondaynta of xawayaanka, wali la isticmaalo. Waxa uu sidoo kale, oo ay la socdaan Treviranus, "biology" muddadu ku soo jeediyay. In uu buugga "The Falsafadda wax cilmi barasho xayawaan" Lamarck sharxayaa waxa dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka dabiiciga ah, ku salaysan fikradda ah in noolaha noqon qalab waxtar leh oo sabab u ah ay saameyn ku leeyihiin xaaladaha deegaanka.

In la eego noolaha oo casri ah, awood ugu weyn wadista ka dambeeya horumar ah ee Lamarck nooca rumeysan yahay non-dhaxlo - tirayn Bedelida. Waxaa intaa dheer, waa Lamarck, riday ninkii geedka evolutionary of koroowga, iyo geeddi-socodka ah ee horumarinta ah ee dabiiciga ah, wuxuu matalayay sida dhibaatooyin ururka of xayawaankii by wayn Fadilid.

Darwinism - aragti ama fikrad?

Fikradda asaasiga ah ee waxa ay tahay nooca nidaamka dabiiciga ah, qeexidda kaas oo lagu fasiro by-rogga kala duwan ee biology siyaabo badan, waxaa la siiyey "The Origin of Species by Means of Selection Dabiiciga ah" shuqulkii Charles Darwin. Tan iyo 1859 wuxuu bilaabay muddo cusub ee horumarinta maadooyinka taariikhda dabiiciga ah. nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah ayaa la arkaa soocidda ah, isbadalka tartiib ah noocyada, genera, iyo fasalada oo dhan noolaha sarkhaansan yihiin kala duwanaanshaha hidaha iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah.

The fikrado ninba Darwin, Muujin laba qaybood: marka hore ka - cilmiga wax evolutionary iyo labaad - cilmiga ciidamada darawalnimo ee horumar ah. Darwin gaar ah saddexda nooc ee halganka jiritaanka, taas oo ku salaysan doorashada dabiiciga ah: intraspecific, interspecific iyo la dagaalanka arrimo abiotic loo kasin. xulashada Dabiiciga ah hubisaa ilaalinta ee noocyada ugu habboon shuruudaha gaarka ah ee ay Habitat. kala duwanaanshaha hidde eegista doorteen shakhsiyaadka heshay iyadoo ay sabab u Isbedelo, calaamado cusub oo siinaya xusuusto faa'idoyinka ka mid ah badbaadada. Classic Darwinism hadda nidaam dhamaystiran oo ka mid ah views evolutionary ku saabsan horumarinta duur-joogta.

xiqiijiyay in dardaro ee horumar

waxbarashada hidaha dheeraad ah sameeyay bartamihii qarnigii 20-, la siiyaa aasaas u ah abuurista la xiqiijiyay in dardaro ee horumar, kaas oo siiyey jawaabta su'aashan ah, waa maxay nooca nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee biology. Xog ah waa this - kala duwanaanta noocyada waa qaab nidaamsan taas oo ku salaysan mabda'a hoos jooge (jaranjarada) taxa kala duwan: noocyada, genera, qoysaska, amarada (ama kooxo), fasalada, waaxaha (ama noocyada).

shaqeeyo kasta oo ku nool on taxane Earth iska leh qaybaha oo dhan kor ku xusan kala soocidda, la aasaasay iyada oo microevolution iyo macroevolution. Manhajka sahaminta waxa dabiiciga ah ee nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee biology. Fasalka 9 hibeeyeen ilaa ay baareen xoogagga ah ee horumar - duwanaansho hidaha iyo doorashada dabiiciga ah. xiqiijiyay in dardaro ee horumar waxaa loo arkaa in dabcan ka mid ah bayoolaji 10 cl., Markii ardayda ay horey u yaqaanaan fikradaha iyo sharciyada genetics.

Biological Organization

sidoo kale waxay ka mid yihiin nidaamka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah, oo wakiil ka ah 7 heerarka hierarchically hoose ee dhismaha Open Biosystems. Aynu iyaga ugu yeedho, oo kelli, gacanta, xubnaha, unugyada, u shaqeeyo, dadka, noocyada, biogeocenotic Biosphere.

Daraasadda ku saabsan arrin nolosha heer kasta waa nidaamo kala duwan noolaha. Tusaale ahaan, daraasaad Kiimikada noole ah kelli iyo biology kelli. Cell - salaysan Cytology, biogeocenotic iyo biosphere - Taxonomy, anatomy barbardhig, ecology, iwm aan marka laga reebo, dhammaan waxyaabaha ku nool - .. Dadka, dhirta, xayawaanka, bakteeriyada - oo la oran karo marxalad kasta, ka taagoo ee uu ka samaysan yahay organelles cell, iyo afjaridda qaab-dhismeedka caalamka - biosphere. Waxaa qabata wareegyada beddelidda ee arrinta iyo tamarta ee hababka noolaha furan.