Waa maxay Misbaax ku dhawrista: tusaale. Description of Misbaax ku dhawrista ee u shaqeeyo: tusaalooyin

Sida mid ka mid ah qaybaha deegaanka synecology baarayaa xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya shakhsiyaad ka mid ah dadka ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan iyo waafajinta in xaaladaha deegaanka. Dadka deegaanka u helay in noolaha ka tirsan bulshada ku nool lala a wadataa gaar da'ayeen, taas oo ay ula falgalaan midba midka kale iyo qaybo ka mid ah biosphere ah: biyaha, ciidda, jawiga.

meesha waxa uu leeyahay magac in la lafaguro - Misbaax dhawrista. Tusaalayaasha ka wada hadleen in qodobkan waxaa loogu talagalay si ay u caddeeyaan in ay tahay asalka ah ee noocyada kasta oo noolaha, oo waa natiijada dhexgalka u shaqeeyo ayaa la shakhsiyaadka kale, iyo arrimaha deegaanka.

Sifooyinka dhowrida noocyada

Oo aan marka laga reebo, dhammaan noocyada inta lagu guda jiro phylogeny waxaa habboon arrimo abiotic gaar ah. Waxay xaddido hoygii ee aagga. In, sida bulshada ka mid ah noolaha lalana xiriiro xaaladda degaanka iyo dadka kale, waa kala soocista dhawrista ah, horyaalka kuwaas oo - Misbaax dhawrista. Tusaalooyinka wareegga nolosha xoolaha dhacdaa meelaha aan ollogga kala duwan iyo trophic biogeocoenose - baalkaa-biyood la xiriira nooca Arthropoda, Class Cayayaanka. Dadka waaweyn - imago, isagoo bahal firfircoon, baasana cover hawada, halka ay dirxiga - mollusk, neefsashada la Waafyadu, waa noolaha biyaha.

Astaamaha u gaarka ah Misbaax ku dhowrida noocyada

Author shaqada classic "Fundamentals of Ecology" Yu Odum asal ereyga "Misbaax dhawrista," taas oo uu isticmaalo si uu baran dadka xiriirka biotic dhammaan heerarka kala duwan ee ay ururka. Sida laga soo xigtay cilmiga ah, booska uu ka shakhsiga ee dabiiciga ah, in uu yahay, xaalka muhiim ah - this Misbaax dhawrista. Tusaale muujinaysa qeexitaankan - bulshada ka mid ah dhirta, loo yaqaan Horseedka. Waxay leeyihiin guryaha nafeedba u gaarka ah iyo daaqsinka, ogolaanayo in ay si fudud ku guuleysto dhulal lacag la'aan ah. Kuwani waa dhulka Calamagrostis, cawska iyo sariirtiisii, Mar Belaya. Waxay sameeyaan ka biocenoses aasaasiga ah, taas oo isu beddesho muddo kadib. Odum yeedhay jirka ee dabiiciga ah ee uu cinwaanka, iyo awood u leh inay ku noolaadaan image - xirfad.

Model J. Hutchinson

Iyadoo lagu tilmaamayo in ay mar kale qeexidda "Misbaax dhawrista" ereyga. Tusaale ahaan waxa ay muujinaysa - deerada cad-iibsatay lacagihii, kuwaas oo wareegga nolosha waxa uu la xidhiidhaa meel Understory - jiqda geed dilka ah. Waxay u adeegaan sida xayawaanka ma aha oo kaliya il oo cunto ah, laakiin sidoo kale la ilaaliyo. Aasaasay Hutchinson aagga biogeocoenose model hypervolume waa shaqsiyaad taageero nolosha gacanta dadweynaha. Waxaa noolaha ku noolaan karaan muddo dheer, laga fogaado arrimaha la yareeyo ee deegaanka. saynisyahan Research iyaga haysta oo ku saleysan model abuuray xisaabta, fikrad ka bixiyaan of xuduudaha fiicnayn jiritaanka bulshooyinka ee noolaha ku nool lafaguro.

Gause mabda '

Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan xeerka saarida tartan waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu qeexo labada nooc ee halganka jiritaanka - ka mid ah noocyada ugu bartay in qarnigii 19 by Charles Darwin. Haddii dadka leeyihiin baahiyo noqnoqashada, sida trophic (ie guud ee saldhigga cuntada) ama aan ollogga (degaanada isa - degaanada) taas oo ku xiran tirada ay, halka ay wada-noolaanshaha beelaha waa xaddidan. Tani waa natiijada ugu dambeysaa ay keeni doontaa in cayrinta (barakac ka yar loo habeeyey) iyo dib u dejinta ee noolaha more gaar ah iyo si degdeg ah ku faafeen of noocyada kale.

Tusaale ahaan, nooc gaar ah oo cawl rat si tartiib tartiib ah dadka reer jiirka madow barakacay. Waxay hadda tiro yar yihiin iyo waxa laga helaa meel u dhow meydadka biyaha. Saddex-beegyada uu sifaha fikirka ah "Misbaax dhawrista." Tusaale ahaan in uu sharaxayaa bayaankan waxaa loo arkaa noo by hore, kuwaas oo: Species rat Gray waxaa meel kasta degeen (meel aan ollogga), waa omnivorous (cunto) iyo ugaadhsan labada habeen iyo maalin (hawlaha qeybinta waqti).

Tusaale kale, taas oo lagu tilmaamay xukunka ka saarida tartan: ugu horreeyay ee sal yimid Australia, keenay dadka reer bees Yurub. In la xidhiidha horumarinta kaydsiga tirada cayayaanka kuwaas ayaa u kordhay, oo waxay si tartiib tartiib ah khiyaaneeyey hoygii hooyo Australian shinnida ee ay degaanka joogtada ah, gelinaya noocan ah ayaa qarka u of eynu.

kiis la mid ah ka dhacay dadka ee bakaylaha qoyska, laga keeno by discoverers mid ah qaaradaha. badnaa ee cuntada, cimilada u fiican iyo la'aanta ah ee tartanka ayaa loogu tala galay in shaqsiyaad ka mid ah noocyada this bilaabay inuu soo qabto dhulka hoygii kale iyo dadka ayaa ku tarmay tirooyinka sida in bilaabay inuu halligo beeraha beeraha.

Dhig noocyada ee hannaanka deegaameed

sii wadi doonaa in aan ka jawaabo su'aasha ah, waxa Misbaax ku dhawrista. Tusaale, la siiyo jawaabta ugu dhameystiran - waa dhir cas dhirta xaaladda muhiim ah. Meesha ay qaybinta - Europe, North Africa, Central Asia. Dadka fiican loogama koraan at a seeraha si caddaalad ah qoyan, marka heerkulku of +12 ... + 21 ° C. Waxay sameeyaan cows dilka ah ama dabaqa kaynta iyo waa saarayaasha ee silsiladda cuntada in la lafaguro.

Madhabta ee Misbaax dhawrista

Waxaa ka mid ah wakiil ah deegaanka qaybtii ku duugan bannaan in uu leeyahay oo xuduudaheedu qaarkood arrimo abiotic iyo waxay bixisaa noocyo kala duwan oo is dhexgalka ee dadka la shaqsiyaadka of noocyada kale: .. Competition, parasitism, commensalism iwm Sifooyinka sheegnay biogeocoenose bixiyaan Faahfaahin buuxda oo ku Misbaax ku dhowrida shaqeeyo ah. Tusaalooyinka qashinka xoolaha, iska leeyihiin qoyska reer jiirka (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) meelaha semidesert habboon is beddel fiiqan ee heerkulka habeen iyo maalin degan. Cunista Dhirta Finensej, waxay u adeegi cuntada xoolaha ka weyn iyo shimbiraha sida: dawaco, ayaa gorgorraduna, oo gorgoraduna peregrine, gorayo daaqdo.

Fiicnayn iyo meesha bannaan ee dhabta ah ee dadka ka mid ah jiritaanka

Xusuustaa set ee xiriirka noolaha la shaqsiyaadka dadka kale iyo xaaladaha deegaanka - this Misbaax dhawrista. Tusaale ciidda bakteeriyada-saprotroph, feed on arrinta organic dhintay iyo ku nadiifiyey dalkii, iyo sidoo kale hagaajinta guryaha ay agrochemical, Oo Xaqiijiyay In formation of tiro badan oo ah xiriirka biotic la deggan kale ee ciidda, dirxiga of cayayaanka, oo xididdada geedka, fangaska. hawlaha muhiimka ah ee bakteeriyada ciidda ku xiran tahay heerkulka iyo huurka ah ee ciidda, ay ka kooban physicochemical.

deggan Kale - bakteeriyada nitrifying chemotroph - foomka deggan isgaarsiinta biotic leh dadka dhirta Leguminous qoyska: Abuurku alfalfa vetch, lupines. Kuwan oo dhan oo xuduudaheedu, xaaladaha biotic iyo deegaanka labadaba, koobnaan Misbaax ku ogaaday dhawrista bakteeriyada. Waa qayb ka mid ah biogeocoenose ka iman kara (Misbaax asaasiga ah), taas oo ah set oo ah xaaladaha aan fiicnayn, taas oo noocyada ay jiri karaan xad lahayn waa.

Xeerarka beerta baahan yahay hannaanka goob ku duugan

Haddii biogeocoenosis Xumeeyaan bandhigi dhacdooyinka abiotic xad dhaaf ah sida dabka, daadad, dhul gariir ama waxqabadyada aadanaha xun, qaybo ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ah waa lacag la'aan, waa wax garad dadka hore halkan ku noolaa ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka. muuqaalka kore ee noocyada cusub ee nolosha - xigta - keenaysaa in isbeddel ku dhacay qayb ka mid ah biogeocoenose, oo magiciisa - dhirta Misbaax dhawrista. Tusaalooyinka ay dejinta dabka ka dib ayaa tilmaamaya in halkii kaynta ballaadhan irdo iman hal ama labadii sannoba hal warshad herbaceous leh tamar sare daaqsinka, safsaf, safsaf-geedo yaryar, hooyo iyo aayo, iyo kuwa kale, waxay leeyihiin in ay qaar ka mid ah meel mar qabsado by dadka noocyada cusub oo lacag la'aan ah.

In warqad this, waxaan bartay in si faahfaahsan wax caynkaas ah sida Misbaax dhowrida shaqeeyo ah. Tusaalooyinka loo arkaa noo by si loo xaqiijiyo in ay tahay a adag ku duugan loogu talo galay xaaladaha nololeed ee aan fiicnayn ee dadka ah ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka.