Ururka kiimikada ee unugyada: walxaha organic, macro- iyo microelements

Qarnigii 19aad waxaa la aasaasay laan ka mid ah bayoolaji yeedhay Kiimikada noole. Waxay baranayaan Halabuurka kiimikada ee unugyada nool ee. Hawsha ugu wayn ee sayniska - Cilmi oo ka mid ah dhegyadii shiid iyo tamar, nidaaminta hawlaha muhiimka ah ee dhirta iyo xayawaanka unugyada.

Fikradda ah Halabuurka kiimikada ee unugyada

Natiijada cilmi ballaaran by saynisyahano urur kiimikada ee unugyada ayaa la bartay iyo ogaaday in wax nool oo ka kooban yihiin in ka badan 85 xubno ka kiimikada. Oo iyaga qaarkood oo looga baahan yahay ku dhowaad dhammaan noolaha, halka qaar kalena ay yihiin gaar oo ka dhacaan noocyada gaarka ah. group A saddexaad ee xubno ka kiimikada joogo in unugyada sheyga, dhirta iyo xayawaanka in tiro ku filan yar yar. xubno ka kiimikada ee unug inta badan waa qaab siifilisku iyo anions ka kaas oo milix iyo biyaha macdanta loo sameeyay, iyo xeryahooda carbon organic waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, carbohydrates, borotiin, subaga.

xubno organogenic

In Kiimikada noole, waxaa ka mid ah Carbon, hydrogen, ogsijiin iyo Nitrogendoksid. Ay set waa in gacanta of 88 in 97% oo ka mid ah xubno kale oo kiimiko ah la joogo waxaa ku jira. Gaar ahaan muhiim u tahay carbon. Dhammaan walxaha organic ee ka kooban unugyada ka kooban ee u taagoo ka kooban carbon in atamka ka kooban ay. Waxay la xidhan karo si ay u sameeyaan silsilad (jahaysteen iyo unbranched), iyo sidoo kale wareegyada. awooda atamka Tani carbon caddeynayaa kala duwanaanta duwanyihiin walxaha organic ku jira cytoplasm cell iyo organelles.

Tusaale ahaan, waxyaabaha gudaha ee unug ka kooban yahay oligosaccharide L a, borotiinada hydrophilic, subaga, noocyo kala duwan oo RNA: RNA kala iibsiga, RNA ribosomal iyo RNA Rasuul, iyo sidoo kale monomers free - nucleotides. Noocan oo kale ah Halabuurka kiimikada ah waxay leedahay bu'da unugga. Waxa kale oo ku jira Britain ah deoxyribonucleic acid, qayb ka mid ah koromosoomyada ah. Dhammaan oo ka mid ah xarumaha kor ku xusan waa in atamka Halabuurka ay of Nitrogendoksid, carbon la oxygen, hydrogen. Waxa ay cadeyn u ah in ay muhiimad gaar ah, tan iyo markii ururka kiimikada ee gacanta ku xiran tahay content ee xubno biogenic uu ka samaysan yahay qaab-dhismeedka gacanta: hyaloplasm iyo organelles.

Macronutrients iyo macnahooda

xubno ka kiimikada, kaas oo sidoo kale waa mid aad u caadi ah in unugyada ee noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha, Kiimikada noole waxaa loo yaqaan macronutrients. Ay content in cell waa 1.2% - 1.9%. By macroelements unugyada ka mid ah: fosfooraska, potassium, chlorine, baaruud, magnesium, calcium, birta iyo sodium. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin hawlaha muhiimka ah iyo qayb ka mid ah organelles unugyada kala duwan yihiin. Sayidka, ra'iyi ah ferrous waxa ay joogtaa protein dhiigga - hemoglobin, taas oo xanbaarsan oxygen (kaas oo kiiska waxa loo yaqaan oxyhaemoglobin), carbon dioxide (karbogemoglobin) ama carbon dioxide (carboxyhaemoglobin).

udhigo Sodium bixiyaan qaab muhiim ah oo gaadiidka intercellular: bamka sodium-potassium waxa loogu yeero. Waxa kale oo ay tahay qayb ka mid ah plasma ku interstitial dheecaan iyo dhiig. udhigo Magnesium joogo in u taagoo chlorophyll (photopigment dhirta ka sareeya) oo ay lug ku leeyihiin geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis, iyo sidoo kale xarumaha reaction foomka in photons dabin tamarta iftiinka.

udhigo Calcium siin tabinta of digir dareemayaasha ku teedsan macdantaa iyo waa qayb ka ugu weyn ee osteocytes - unugyada lafta. xeryahooda Calcium waa baahsan ee xayawaanka invertebrate adduunka kuwaas oo rasaasta ka kooban yihiin carbonate calcium.

udhigo Chloride ku lug recharging xuub cell iyo bixiyaan muuqaalka kore ee la karsado korontada ee kicinta neural sababaya.

atamka baaruud waa qayb ka mid ah protein hooyo oo waxaan ka dhigi ay jaamacadda dhismeedka "tolo" silsilad polypeptide, oon la xirrira Britain protein globular.

udhigo potassium ay ku lug leeyihiin gaadiidka ee walxaha dhex xuubka unug. atamka fosfooraska, waa qayb ka mid ah tani walxaha tamar-degdeg ah oo muhiim ah sida triphosphate adenosine, iyo waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah u taagoo of acids deoxyribonucleic iyo ribonucleic, kuwaas oo hiddo ugu weyn ee gacanta walxaha.

function Trace in dheef gacanta

About 50 xubno ka kiimikada dhismaha in ka yar 0.1% ee unugyada, loo yaqaan microcells. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid zinc, molybdenum, iodine, copper, cobalt, fluorine. Iyada oo dayactir ku yar ay qabtaan shaqo aad u muhiim ah, sida qeyb ka mid ah walxaha badan oo bayoloji firfircoon.

Tusaale ahaan, atamka zinc waa in Britain insulin ah (hormone ganaca nidaminayo heerka sonkorta dhiigga), iodine waa qayb ka mid ah hormoonada thyroid - tyroksiini iyo triiodothyronine xakamaynta heerka shiid ee jirka. Copper, oo ay la socdaan udhigo bir ah ku lug hematopoiesis (formation of unugyada dhiigga cas, platelets iyo unugyada dhiiga cad ee dhuuxa lafta of vertebrates ah). udhigo Copper ku jira Midabka hemocyanin joogo dhiigga xawayaanka, shellfish sida. Sidaa darteed, midabka buluug hemolymph ay.

content More yar ee gacanta canaasiirta kiimikada sida sida lead, dahab, bromine, lacag ah. Waxaa loo yaqaan ultromikroelementami iyo qayb ka mid ah dhirta iyo xayawaanka unugyada. Tusaale ahaan, in falanqayn kiimikada udhigo dahab weevil galley ah ayaa la ogaado. atamka Bromine in tiro badan oo ah unugyada ku jira thalli ee algae brown, iyo casaan, sida Sargassum, Laminaria, fucus.

All hore taasina waa tusaale iyo xaqiiqooyin ku sharxi Halabuurka kiimikada sida wada xiriira, shaqo iyo qaab-dhismeedka of unugyada. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa ka kooban yahay xubno kala duwan oo kiimikada in unugyada noolaha.

sifooyinka guud ee xeryahooda organic

kiimikaad ee unugyada ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan ee noolaha si gaar ah ku xiran atamka carbon ah, kuwaas oo loo tixgeliyo in ka badan 50% ka mid ah cufka unugga. Xaqiiqo ahaan arrinta gacanta qalalan oo dhan waxaa wakiil carbohydrates, borotiin, acids nucleic iyo subaga, kaas oo ay leeyihiin qaab adag iyo miisaanka sare kelli. taagoo noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yaqaan macromolecules (polymers) iyo ka kooban yihiin xubno ka fudud - monomers. walxaha Protein ka ciyaaraan door aad u muhiim ah oo uu ku sameeyo noocyo kala duwan oo hawlaha, kuwaas oo hoos ku wada hadleen.

Doorka borotiinada in gacanta

Falanqaynta lagmamaarmaanna u xeryahooda galo unug nool, Oo Xaqiijiyay In content sare ee walxaha organic sida borotiinada. Dhab ahaantii Tani ayaa leh sharraxaad macquul ah, borotiinada qabtaan noocyo kala duwan oo hawlaha oo ay lug ku leeyihiin dhinacyada kala duwan ee nolosha unugyada.

Tusaale ahaan, function ay ku nabadgeli karaan borotiinada waa formation of antibodies - antibodies soo saaray limfosaytis. borotiin difaaca noocan oo kale ah sida thrombin, fibrin iyo tromboblastin bixiyaan xinjirowga dhiigga iyo in laga hortago khasaare ay murugo iyo dhaawac. Halabuurka The adag ee gacanta ka mid ah borotiinka xuub gacanta isagoo awood u leh inay aqoonsadaan xeryahooda shisheeye - cudur. Waxay bedeli karaan qaabeynta iyo cell Warbixinta oo ka mid ah khataraha ku iman kara (function alarm).

borotiinada qaarkood waxay leeyihiin shaqo sharci oo waa hormoonnada, sida oxytocin, soo saaray hypothalamus ah, pituitary hayaa. Socota waxaa ka dhiiga, oxytocin u dhaqmo on derbiga murqaha ilmo galeenka ah, taasoo keenta in ay hoos. protein Horomonka sidoo kale shaqo sharci by gacanta cadaadiska dhiigga.

unugyada muruqa waa actin iyo myosin, waa awood si loo yareeyo, kaas oo keena shaqo motor of unugyada muruqa. Waayo, borotiinada, shaqo ee caadiga ah iyo trophic, tus, embriyaha albumin loo isticmaalaa sida nafaqo ah horumarinta. borotiinka dhiigga noolaha kala duwan, sida haemoglobin iyo hemocyanin, taagoo oxygen wareejiyo - shaqeeyaan shaqo gaadiidka. Haddii tamarta gubaya walxaha dheeraad ah sida carbohydrates iyo subaga, si buuxda loo isticmaalo, gacanta wuxuu bilaabaa inuu dumin brotiin. Mid ka mid ah garaam ee wax this 17 siinayaa 2 KJ tamarta. Mid ka mid ah hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee borotiinada waa horseed (borotiinada, falgalka dedejiyo falgalka kiimikada ee compartments cytoplasmic). Iyada oo ku saleysan kor ku xusan, waxaan ogaannay in borotiinada ku leeyihiin tiro ka mid ah hawlaha aad u muhiim ah oo qayb ka mid lagama maarmaan ah unugyada xayawaanka.

biosynthesis protein

Ka fikir habka of Avv borotiinka qol, taas oo dhacda sida ribosomes in cytoplasm ka via organelles. Thanks to waxqabadka of falgalka gaar ah, iyada oo ka qayb ka mid ah udhigo calcium ribosome isu geeyo si polysomes. Shaqooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee ribosomes ee gacanta - ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee u taagoo protein, laga bilaabo geedi socodka qoraal ah. Sidaas darteed waxaa ka mid ah waxaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka u taagoo mRNA, taas oo ku xiran yihiin polysomes. Ka dibna uu bilaabo maxkamad labaad - warbaahinta. Gaadiidka xidho RNA labaatan noocyada kala duwan ee acids amino oo waxay iyaga keeni polysomes ah, oo tan iyo shaqo ee ribosomes in gacanta - Avv ah polypeptides, organelles kuwaas sameeyaan kaxeynayo la tRNA, oo u taagoo amino acid waa la wada lala by bonds peptide si ay u sameeyaan macromolecule protein ah.

Doorka biyo-shiid

waxbarashada Cytological ayaa xaqiijisay in xaqiiqda ah in qaab-dhismeedka gacanta iyo Halabuurka oo aynu ka baran, celcelis ahaan oo biyo ah 70%, iyo in xoolo badan, taasoo keentay hab biyaha nolosha (tusaale ahaan, coelenterates) ay ka kooban tahay gaaro 97-98%. In view of urur kiimikada ah ee unugyada ka mid ah hydrophilic (awood u kala diridda) iyo wax hydrophobic (biyo-celisa). Sida a dareeraha horjeeda universal, biyo door muhiim ah oo uu saameyn toos ah ma aha oo kaliya on shaqada, laakiin sidoo kale in qaabka aad u of unugyada. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa content biyaha ee noocyada kala duwan ee unugyada noolaha ah.

Shaqada carbohydrates in gacanta

Sida aynu hore u sharxay, in ay muhiim organic kiimikada - polymers - sidoo kale waa carbohydrates. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid polysaccharides, oligosaccharides iyo monosaccharides. Carbohydrates yihiin qayb ka mid ah nidaamka dheeraad ah oo adag - glycolipids iyo glycoproteins, kuwaas oo la dhisay xuubka gacanta iyo qaab-dhismeedka nadmembrannye, tus glycocalyx.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer in carbon carbohydrate ah waxaa ka mid ah atamka ah hydrogen iyo oxygen, iyo polysaccharides qaar ka mid ah waxa ku jira wax dheeraad ah nitrogen, baaruud iyo fosfooraska. The unugyada carbohydrates badan warshad: tubers baradhada oo ka kooban ilaa 90% istaarijka ee abuurka iyo content carbohydrate midho ilaa 70%, iyo unugyada xayawaanka waxaa laga helaa foomka xeryahooda sida glycogen, chitin iyo trehalose.

sonkor fudud (monosaccharides) qaacidada guud CnH2nOn iyo qaybsan tetroses, triose, pentose iyo hexose. laba ugu danbeysay ee waa kuwa ugu badan ee unugyada noolaha, tusaale ahaan, ribose iyo deoxyribose qayb ka mid ah acids nucleic yihiin, iyo glucose iyo fructose ay ku lug leeyihiin dhibaatooyinka milmaan iyo dissimilation. Oligosaccharides waxaa inta badan laga helo unugyada dhirta: sucrose waxa lagu kaydiyaa unugyada dabocase sonkorta iyo qasabka sonkorta, maltose ku jira caryopses biqlay haruurka iyo shaciir ah.

Disaccharides leedahay dhadhan macaan iyo waa iska L. biyo. Polysaccharides, isagoo biopolymers ka kooban tahay ugu horrayn istaarijka, cellulose, glycogen iyo laminarin. The noocyada dhisme ah waxaa ka mid ah polysaccharides chitin. Shaqada aasaasiga ah ee carbohydrates in gacanta - tamarta. Sidaas darteed of falcelinta hydrolysis iyo Dheef tamarta dhegay polysaccharides in sonkorta, iyo waxay ka dibna waxaa la oxidized si carbon dioxide iyo biyo. Sidaas darteed, hal garaam of sii daayo glucose 17.6 KJ tamarta, iyo kaydka istaarijka iyo glycogen, muhiimad ahaan waa kaydka tamarta gacanta.

Glycogen lagu shubo inta badan ee unugyada muruqa iyo beerka, istaarijka cuntada - in tubers, nalalka, xididdada, miraha iyo cayayaanka, sida caarada, cayayaanka iyo crustaceans, doorka ugu weyn ee sahayda tamarta ciyaara trehalose oligosaccharide ah.

Carbohydrates yihiin ka subaga iyo brotiin, awood u leh inay nabaad anoxic kala duwan. Tani waa mid aad muhiim u ah noolaha ku nool xaaladaha deficiency ama maqnaanshaha of ogsijiin, sida bakteeriyada anaerobic, iyo goryaamo - dulin ee dadka iyo xoolaha.

Waxaa jira shaqo kale oo carbohydrates ee gacanta - dhismaha (dhismaha). Waa been in xaqiiqda ah in walxahan waxay yihiin taageeridda dhismaha unugyada. Tusaale ahaan, cellulose waa qayb ka mid ah darbiyada unug ka mid ah dhirta, chitin foomamka lafaha ah dibadda iyo xawayaanka badan waxay dhacdaa in unugyada fangas, olisaharidy wada jir ah ula subaga iyo taagoo borotiinada sameeyaan glycocalyx - adag nadmembranny. Waxay bixisaa Amda - dhexeeya unugyada xayawaanka clumping, taas oo horseedaysa formation of unugyada.

Subaga, qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada

Kuwani walxaha organic, kuwaas oo hydrophobic (biyo beelaya) laga saari karaa, i.e. laga soo unugyada by qase nonpolar, sida acetone ama chloroform. shaqada subaga in gacanta ay ku xidhan tahay oo ka mid ah saddex kooxood ay ka soo jeedaan, in dufanka, oo iswayneeya ama steroids. Subagga yihiin kuwa ugu badan ee dhammaan noocyada unugyada.

Xayawaanka iyaga ku ururto unugyada subcutaneous adipose, unugyada neural ka kooban baruurta qaab galkeeda myelin ee neerfaha. Waxa kale oo ururayaa in kelyaha, beerka, cayayaanka - ee jirka baruurta. dufanka Liquid - saliidaha - laga helaa miraha dhirta badan, geed, looska, gabbaldayaha, saytuunka ah. content The egyahay in unugyada u dhaxeysa 5 ilaa 90% (in unugyada adipose ah).

Steroids oo iswayneeya kala duwan yihiin dufan ah in iyaga oo aan haysan ee u taagoo ee ku harta acid dufan. Sidaas daraaddeed, steroids - waa hormoonnada kiliyaha adrenal, saamaynaya qaangaadhnimada jidhka iyo kuwaas oo ka kooban of testosterone. Waxa kale oo ay qayb ka yihiin fitamiinada (tus, vitamin D).

Shaqada ugu weyn ee subaga in gacanta - waa tamarta, dhismaha iyo ilaalinta. Ka hore waa ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in 1 garaam oo subagyada cholesterol siinayaa 38,9 KJ tamarta - ka sii badan intii waxyaabaha kale ee organic - borotiinada iyo carbohydrates. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, in lagu qayilo ee 1m baruurta ay u taagan ku dhawaad 1.1 c. biyo. Taasi waa sababta xoolaha qaar ka haysato stock ah baruurta ee jirkaaga ku noqon kartaa waqti dheer oo aan biyo lahayn. Tusaale ahaan, gophers noqon kartaa nasinta muddo ka badan laba bilood, oo aan baahida loo qabo biyo, oo ma cabbaan geel biyo at guurka marey lamadegaanka oo loogu talagalay 10-12 maalmood ah.

Dhismaha function subaga been in xaqiiqda ah in ay yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo xuubka unug, iyo sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah dareemaha. function ay ku nabadgeli karaan subaga ka kooban yahay in xaqiiqda ah in lakabka baruurtii maqaarka ku xeeran kelyaha iyo xubnaha kale ee gudaha ay Dureeri Dhexdeeda iyaga ilaaliya dhaawaca farsamo. Gaar ah function ningax kaamerada waa asalka ah ee xayawaanka muddo dheer isagoo ku sugan biyaha: nibiriyada badda, shaabadihiisa, shaabadood dhogorta. Qaro weyn lakabka adipose subcutaneous, tusaale ahaan, nibiriga buluug yahay 0.5 m, waxay ka difaacdaa xayawaanka ka hypothermia.

Ogsijiin Value in dheef gacanta

noolaha hawada, taas oo ka mid ah intooda badani xoolaha, dhirta iyo nin, la isticmaalayo ogsijiin atmosfeerta ku keento sarrifka tamarta taasoo keentay in cholesterol ee walxaha organic iyo qoondaynta of xaddi gaar ah oo tamar u ururay ee foomka of taagoo of triphosphate adenosine.

Sayidka, qayilo dhamaystiran oo ka mid ah bar of glucose in dhacdaa cristae ku mitochondrial, 2800 KJ tamar waxaa loo qoondeeyey, taas oo 1596 KJ (55%) waxa lagu kaydiyaa foomka of taagoo ATP oo ka kooban xiriir macroergic. Sidaas darteed, shaqo aasaasiga ah ee ogsijiin in gacanta - hirgelinta Neefta laylinta, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay koox ka mid ah cadaanyo enzymatic ee loo yaqaan silsilad neef- dhaca organelles - mitochondria. In noolaha prokaryotic - bakteeriyada phototrophic iyo cyanobacteria - qayilo nafaqooyin dhacdaa sarkhaansan oxygen baahinta unugyada ee protuberances gudaha xuubka plasma.

Waxaan leenahay urur kiimikada ee unugyada ayaa la bartay, iyo sidoo kale habka ah Avv borotiinka iyo shaqada oxygen ee Dheef tamarta gacanta.