Halogens - waxaa ... xeryahooda halogeen

Halkan akhristaha ka heli doontaa macluumaad ku saabsan HALO ah, waxyaalaha kiimikada ah ee miiska wareegsan D. I. Mendeleeva. content ee maqaalka kuu ogolaaneysaa in aad barato kiimikaad iyo jir ahaan qabaan, isagoo ee dabiiciga ah, hababka codsiga iyo kuwa kale.

macluumaad Guud

Halogens - dhammaan qaybaha oo ka mid ah miiska kiimikada D. I. Mendeleeva helay koox toddoba. Sida laga soo xigtay hab for kala saarista stroma yihiin dhamaan qaybaha group toddobaad, ee kooxaha ugu weyn.

Halogeen - Waxyaabo ay awoodaan in ay fal la dhowaad dhammaan walxaha nooca fudud oo xaddi gaar ah oo nonmetals mooyee. Dhamaan kuwani waa oxidizers tamarta, maxaa yeelay, xaaladaha dabiiciga ah, waxa ay noqon foom isku qasan oo leh walxo kale. halogens Tusiyaha falcelin hoos u kordha ee iyaga laga soo tiriyey horsanaanta.

Halogens socda xubno ka yihiin: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine iyo tennesin kiimikaysan abuuray.

Sida hore loo sheegay, halogens oo dhan - waxaa oksidheeyeyaal leh guryaha kala duwan, ka soo hadhay oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid ah waa non-birta. Dibadda heerka tamarta leedahay todoba electrons. Dhexgalka Biraha keenaysaa in formation of bond ah Madbacada qaranka iyo cusbada. Ku dhowaad dhammaan halides ee fluoride marka laga reebo, waxaa laga yaabaa in ahaantii isu muujiyay sida reductant a, gaarey heerka ugu sareeya ee oxidative 7, laakiin tani waxay u baahan tahay in ay la macaamilaan xubno isagoo degree weyn oo electronegativity.

Features Asalkeeda

In 1841, farmashiyaha Swedish J. Berzelius jeediyay hordhaca ah ee halogeen ereyga, oo tilmaamayay iyaga loo yaqaan waqtiga F, br, I. Si kastaba ha ahaatee in, ilaa hordhaca ah ee dheer ee la xiriirta group oo dhan cunsur, in 1811, saynisyahan Jarmal iyo . Shveygger erayga loo yaqaan isku dheer chloro laftiisa turjumay ka Greek sida "solerod".

Qaab dhismeedka Atoomikada iyo heerka uu qayilo

qaabeynta of qolof electron sare ee halogeen qaaradda waa: astatine - 6s ² 6p ⁵ iodo - 5s 5p ^{2 5 2} 4p 4s bromo ⁵ chloro - 3 3p ^{5 2,} 2s fluoro ² 2p ^5.

Halogeen - canaasiirta isagoo on electron dibadda ah nooca qolof toddoba electrons in u ogolaanaya inay ka "effortlessly" lifaaq qolof electron taas oo aan ku filnayn, waayo dhamaystiran. Sida caadiga ah, degree qayilo la muujiyey sida -1. Cl, br, aniga iyo At ficil waxyaabaha isagoo shahaado sare, bilaabaan si ay u muujiyaan a shahaado lagu qayilo wanaagsan +1, +3, +5 iyo +7. Fluoride waxa uu shahaadada joogta ah -1 murqo.

faafidda

Maaddaama ay heerka sare ee falcelin ah halogens sida caadiga ah waa in foomka xeryahooda. Baahsanaanta in qolof dhulka ee hoos iyadoo la raacayo kordhay gacan ka qaaradda ka F in I. Astatine in qolof dhulka ee dhan qiyaasay in grams oo tennessin abuuray kiimikaysan.

Halides yihiin xeryahooda ee halides helay ee dabiiciga ah inta badan, iyo iodine sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay qaadato qaab potassium sodium ama iodate. Sababtoo ah halka ay milmi ee jooga biyaha ee biyaha badda iyo brines asal ahaan dabiiciga ah. F The - Tolosnaada wakiilka halogeenka oo marar badan ka helay dhagaxyada nooca aasan, oo ay isha ugu weyn ee - fluoride calcium ah.

sifooyinka tayada Physical

Halogens kasta oo kale oo uu noqon karaa mid aad u kala duwan, iyo in ay leeyihiin sifooyinka jirka soo socda:

1. Fluorine (F2) - gaaska ah midab huruud ah iftiin, uu leeyahay ur af iyo diiqayo, oo aan la hoos geliyey wax riixo in xaaladaha heerkulka caadiga ah. barta barafku waa -220 ° C iyo dhibic karaya -188 ° C. ah
2. Koloriin (cl ₂₎ waa gaas ma compressible Heerkulka, xataa marka cadaadis, ayaa suffocating, ur pungent iyo midab huruud ah-cagaaran. Barafku ka bilaabantaa -101 ° C iyo isku kari at -34 ° C.
3. Bromine (br _2), - dareere ah kacsan oo culus oo leh midabka brown-brown iyo ur carow ah af badan. Waxaa dhalaalayaa at -7 ° C iyo boogo at 58 ° C.
4. Iodine (I ₂₎ - Wakiilka ah nooca adag uu leeyahay midab madow cawlan, oo waa luster macdan ah dabeecad u, urin arrin fiiqan. habka barafku bilaabmaa marka 113,5 ° C iyo booguhu at 184.885 ° C.
5. HALO Rare - waa astatine (At _2), taas oo adag oo uu leeyahay midab buluug-madow leh luster macdan ah. barta barafku u dhiganta ku dhawaad 244 ° C, kulayl bilaabmaa iyo dib 309 ° C.

nooca kiimikada ee halogens

Halogeen - waxyaabaha la hawl oxidative aad u sarreeya taas oo cunay jihada ka F in At. Fluorine, wakiil ugu firfircoon ee halogens, fal karaan dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee biraha, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo wixii la yaqaan. Inta badan wakiillo Biraha galaya jawiga of fluorine mari sari lama filaan ah, sidaas sii daayo kulaylka in xaddi badan.

Aan hoosaysiiyo kululaynta fluorine waxa dhici karta inay wax badan oo ka mid ah non-birta, sida H2, C, P, S, Si. Nooca reaction kiiskan waa gube oo ay wehlin karaan qarax. Kulul, F keenaysaa in oxidize halogeen haray, oo loo bandhigi shucaaca, element waa ay awoodaan in ay u qaata iyo la gaasaska dabiiciga culus inert.

Marka la xeryahooda nooca adag lalana, fluorine tahay ficil-aadka u firfircoon, tus, biyo oksidheeyeyaal ah, waxay taasi keeni kartaa qarax.

Waxyeelo ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa in chloro, gaar ahaan gobolka free. Heerka hawl yar fluorine, laakiin waa ay awoodaan in ay fal la dhowaad dhammaan walxaha fudud, laakiin nitrogen, oksijiin, iyo gaasaska sharaf Ha ficiltamin la. La macaamilka hydrogen, kulaylinta chloro ama nalal wanaagsan abuuraa burnoprotekayuschuyu reaction Ulasocto qaraxa.

Waxaa intaas dheer oo la bedelay reactions cl la jawaabay laga yaabaa in tiro badan oo ah walxaha nooca adag. Awoodaan in ay Leexin br oo waxaan ag kululaynta ee xarunta a abuuray by leh bir ama hydrogen, iyo sidoo kale laga yaabaa in fal la walxaha xumadoodu.

Bromo kiimikaad ahaan ka yar firfircoon ka badan chlorine ama fluorine, laakiin weli wax cad u muuqato. Tani waa sababta ugu badan ee bromine br waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida dareere ah, sababtoo ah xaalad this degree ee fiirsashada hore ee xaaladaha kale ee loo siman yahay ka badan Champions League. Si ballaaran loo isticmaalo kiimikada, gaar ahaan organic. Waa in la kala diri karaa H ₂ O iyo qayb fal la.

element halogeen-iodo foomamka walax fudud ayaan ₂ iyo awood fal la H ₂ O, kala diri ee xal iodide ah, la xirrira anions adag. Inta badan halogeen aan ka duwan in in aysan fal la intooda badan wakiilo ka non-birta oo si tartiib ah uga jawaabo la Biraha, haddii ay taasi lagama maarmaan tahay in lagu kululeeyo. Tan iyo hydrogen uu jawaab ka celiyo qaawan oo kaliya in ay kulaylka aad u daran, iyo falcelinta waa endothermic.

astatine halogeen Rare (At) muujinayaa reactivities of iodine ka yar, laakiin fal kartaa biraha. Sidaas darteed of dissociation dhici anions iyo siifilisku labadaba.

codsiyada

xeryahooda halogeen hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa by nin ee kala duwan ee meelaha. cryolite Dabiiciga ah (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u diyaariyaan Al. Bromine iyo iodine walxaha sida fudud caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo dawooyinka iyo shirkadaha kiimikada. In wax soo saarka ee qaybo ka mid baabuurta inta badan isticmaalaan halogeen. Lights - taasi waa mid ka mid ah qeybo ka mid ah kuwa. Tayo dooran wax qeyb ah ee mashiinka waa mid aad u muhiim ah, sida laydhkaaga ku iftiimin wadada habeenkii, iyo hab lagu ogaan karo, waayo, adiga iyo darawallada kale labadaba. Mid ka mid ah qalabka farcan ugu fiican si ay u abuuraan laydhkaaga xenon tixgeliyo. Halogeen habase yeeshee wax yar ka liita tayada si gaaska inert.

HALO Good - waa fluorine, daro ah caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee cadeyga. Waxay ka caawisaa si looga hortago dhacdo cudurada ilkaha - suuska ilkaha.

Noocan oo kale ah element-halogeen sida chlorine (cl), helaa codsiga in diyaarinta HCL ah, inta badan loo isticmaalaa in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee walxaha organic sida caag ah, caag, fiiloyin dardaro, formaldehyde, iyo qase iyo D. sida. Oo weliba xeryahooda chlorine ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wakiilada bleaching linen iyo suuf wax, warqad, iyo iyada oo loo adeegsanayo gacanta bakteeriyada in biyaha la cabbo.

Digniin! Sunta ah!

In view of falcelin ah mid aad u sarreeya ee halogens unbaa loo yaqaan sunta. Tani waxay si cad ugu waa awooda inuu ku biiro falcelinta ka muujiyay in fluorine. Halogens leeyihiin guryaha xoog leh oo suffocating awood ku hawlanaa dhexgalka unugyada.

Fluoride oo laba laba iyo aerosols waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu aadka u halista ah ee halogeen waxyeello dadka kale u khuduuca nool. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqda ah in uu si xun loo arko by urta iyo dareemaan kaliya on gaarey uruureen sare.

Gebogebadii

Sida aan ka arki kartaa, halogens waa qayb aad u muhiim ah oo miiska wareegsan, waxay leeyihiin guryaha badan oo ku kala duwan yihiin tayada jirka iyo kiimikada, qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda, heerka uu qayilo oo awood u leh inay ka fal la Biraha iyo non-birta. warshadaha wuxuu isticmaalaa noocyo kala duwan oo hab, laga bilaabo daro in alaabta nadaafadda shakhsiga ah iyo ku dhameysteen walxaha Avv chemistry organic ama warakiilka. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in mid ka mid ah hababka ugu fiican ee ay u ilaaliyaan iyo in laambad gaariga la abuuro nuur yahay xenon, halogeen, hase ahaatee waa waa ineysan iyo sidoo kale waa loo isticmaalo iyo waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin gaar ah.

Haatan waad garanaysaan waxa HALO ah. Halxiraale wixii su'aalo ah oo ku saabsan walxaha kuu ma aha dhibka ku ah.