Fikradaha ku saabsan asalka ah ee dhulka. asalka ah ee meerayaasha

Su'aashu waxay asal ahaan ka mid ah dhulka, meerayaasha iyo nidaamka qoraxda oo dhan ka walaacsan dadka tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. Khuraafaadka ku saabsan asalka Earth ee la ogan karo in dad faro badan oo qadiimi ah. Chinese, Masriyiintii, Sumerians, Gariigta ah lahaa ay fikrad gaar ah oo dhismaha ah ee dunida. Bilowga oo ka mid ah marxalad, ay view arinku bedelay uu aamino diinta in brooked diidmo lahayn. In Dr Makumbe Europe, si ay isugu dayaan in la helo runta mararka qaar ku dhamaaday shidan aarguda ah. Sharaxa ugu horeysay sayniska ee dhibaatada khuseysaa oo keliya in qarnigii XVIII ka. Hadda, ma jiraan wax la xiqiijiyay in asal ahaan hal ka mid ah dhulka, taas oo ku siinayaa qol ikhtiraac cusub iyo cuntada ee maanka xiiso leh.

caddooyinka qadiimiga ah

Man - xiiso leh a isagoo. Tan iyo markii aan wakhtiyadii hore u, dadka oo Xayawaanka kala duwan yihiin ma aha oo kaliya by jecel yihiin in ay ku noolaadaan dunida adag of duurjoogta ah, laakiin sidoo kale isku day in aad fahamto. Garashada sarraynta wadarta badan ciidamada Dabiicadda qudheedu, dadkii waxay bilaabeen inay buri habka. Inta badan, waa dadkii degganaa samada waxaa lagu tiriyaa la abuurniinta dunida ah.

Khuraafaadka ku saabsan asalka Earth ee rukummada kala duwan ee caalamka ahaayeen si weyn u kala duwan ka soo midba midka kale. Sida laga soo xigtay aaminsan Masriyiinta qadiimiga ah, waxaa loo baabiiyo ka soo ukunta of Xurmaysan, sleplennogo ilaaha Khnum dhoobo caadiga ah. Sida laga soo xigtay aaminsan yihiin dadka jasiiradda dalka ilaahyada, sooba ka mid ah badda.

fowdo aragti

Waxaan iman dhow Gariigga aragti cilmiyeed qadiimiga. In waxay ka fikiraan, dhalashada Earth ahaa ee qiraysaa fowdo, isku dar ah oo biyo ah, dhulka, dabka iyo hawada ka buuxiyeen. Tani beegmaya aragti cilmiyeed oo asal ahaan ka mid ah postulates Earth. xubno Mixed kala sooc lahayn wareejiyo, buuxinta waxyaalahan oo dhan. Laakiinse meelaha qaar, ka bixiyo fowdo qiraysaa waxa uu ku dhashay dhulka - ilaahadda Gaia, iyo iyada Saaxiibkiis weligeed ah, Samada - ilaah Uranus. Si wada jir ah, waxay buuxiyeen meeshii bannaanayd Noolayn kala duwanaanta nolosha.

quraafaad A la mid ah waxaa la sameeyay sanadkii Shiinaha. Fowdo waa Hun-tun, iyadoo shanta waxyaabood ee ka buuxsantay - alwaax, bir, dhulka, dab iyo biyo - cilada in qaab reer ukun on caalamka u ballaadhan yahay, weli waxa aan la dhashay a ilaah Pan Gu. Toos, wuxuu helay isaga ku wareegsan gudcur keliya nolol la'aan. Iyo xaqiiqda ah in uu aad buu u dhibtooday. Ururinta xooggiisa, qaladaadka qolof ilaah Pan Guga oo ka mid ah ukun-fowdo, sii daayo laba mabaadiida: yin iyo Yang. Yin The culus hoos u degtay si ay u sameeyaan dhulka, nuurka iyo fududahay Yang Skyward ridan, la xirrira samada.

Fikradda fasalka of formation of Dhulka

asalka ah ee quraxda xidiga ah, iyo gaar ahaan dhulka, saynisyahano casriga bartay ku filan. Laakiin waxaa jira arrimo dhowr ah oo muhim ah (sida meesha biyaha sameeyey), taasoo keenta dood kulul. Sidaa darteed, sayniska ee caalamka fiddo, daahfurka kasta oo cusub uu noqdo block dhismaha ee aasaaskii la xiqiijiyay in dhulka asal ahaan ah.

Caanka ah saynisyahan Soviet Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka Polar Research, ayaa isugu keenaa oo dhan mala soo jeediyay oo iyaga isku daro Saddex nooc. marka hore waa aragtiyaha ku salaysan postulate ee formation of qorraxda, meerayaasha, bilaha cusubu dhashaan iyo ururta, ka wax hal (Nebulae). Waxaa la og yahay la xiqiijiyay in Voitkevich, Laplace, KANT, Fesenkov miino ayaa dhawaan dib loo eegay, Sobotovich iyo aqoonyahanno kale.

fasalka labaad isku daraa fikradaha sida ay taas dhaw quraxda xidiga ah ayaa si toos ah soo sameeyey arrinta qoraxda. Tani waa asalka ah cilmibaadhe oo la xiqiijiyay in Earth Jeenis Jeffreys Multona iyo Chamberlin, Buffon iyo kuwa kale.

Ugu dambayntiina, fasalka saddexaad ka mid ah aragtida ah, ma midaynta Qorraxda iyo meerayaasha asal ahaan caadi. The fikrad ugu caansan ee Schmidt. Ha ka fikiro si aynu sifooyinka fasal kasta.

KANT ee la xiqiijiyay

In 1755 Faylasuuf KANT Jarmalka, asal ahaan dhulka si kooban u tilmaamay sida soo socota: koonkan hore oo ka kooban a Qurub ciidda taagan ee degsiimooyin kala duwan. Cuf keeneen dhaqdhaqaaqa. Waxaa dhacay iyaga dusin midba midka kale (saamayn accretion), ugu dambeyntii keentay in formation xinjir dhexe kulul - qorraxda. shilalka walxaha dheeraad ah u wadin inuu soo wareeg ee qorraxda, iyo waxa daruur ciidda.

In si tartiib ah sameeyay walax rucubood oo kala duwan dambe - uurjiifka meerayaasha mustaqbalka ku wareegsan oo Bannaanka sameeyey by satalayt sida. Waxa asaasay in sidan Dhulka bilowga ah ee jiritaankeeda muuqatay qabow.

Laplace fikradda

astronomer xisaabyahan Faransiis ah iyo Laplace jeediyay version yar oo kala duwan, kaas oo sharxaya asalka ah ee Earth caalamka iyo meerayaasha kale. Nidaamka qoraxda, in uu ra'yi, soo sameeyey nebula kulul gaseous la farabadan of Qurub ee xarunta. Waxay miiqeen oo Tifaftirayaasha sarkhaansan cuf. Marka qaboojinta dheeraad ah, xawaaraha wareeg ah nebula koray on maqnaadaan ee u diiray off siddo kuwaas oo maydin on meerayaasha prototypes mustaqbalka. Tallaabada ugu danbeysay ee gaaska hore kulul wakiil kubadaha in si tartiib tartiib ah la qaboojiyey iyo bedesheen.

La'aanta KANT iyo Laplace ayaa la xiqiijiyay

Fikrad of KANT iyo Laplace, sharraxaad ka asalka ah ee Earth caalamka, waxay ahaayeen adag cosmogony ilaa horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad. Oo door horusocod ah, adeegaya sida aasaaskii sayniska, gaar ahaan cilmi dhul. khasaare ugu muhiimsan waa awood la'aanta fikradaha si ay u sharxaan qaybinta gudahood dardarta lagu nidaamka qoraxda angular (CDM).

MKP waxaa lagu qeexaa sida wax soo saarka ah oo miisaankiisu on meel fog ka soo xarunta nidaamka iyo xawaaraha wareeg ah. Indeed, oo ku salaysan xaqiiqada ah in qorraxda leedahay in ka badan 90% of mass guud ee nidaamka, waa in ay leeyihiin sare iyo CDM. Dhab ahaantii, Sun ayaa% 2 kaliya ee guud ahaan caalamka CDM isla, gaar ahaan Rafaa, cilmiga la soo haray 98%.

aragti Fesenkov

Tani waxay khilaaf 1960 isku dayeen in ay sharxaan Soviet saynisyahan Fesenko. Sida laga soo xigtay in uu version of asalka ah ee dhulka, Sun la meerayaasha ee la sameeyey by riixo ee nebula a Rafaa - ". Globules" Nebula lahaa maro aad Finensej ka kooban inta badan ah hydrogen iyo helium iyo qadar yar oo ah xubno ka culus. Under ciidanka of cuf ee xarunta of globules star-qaabeeya ee u muuqday dhagid - qorraxda. Waa si degdeg ah daadgureyntaasi. Sidaas darteed ee horumar ah oo ah walaxda qoraxda galay xeeran deegaanka gaas-ciidda, wax qiiqa mararka qaadeen. Tani waxay keentay in khasaaraha ka mid ah ay mass iyo meerayaasha marsho qorraxda abuuray qayb weyn oo ka mid ah MCR. Formation of meerayaasha qabtay by nebula accretion.

Aragtiyaha Multona iyo Chamberlin

Cilmi-US Multon astronomer iyo geologist Chamberlin soo jeediyay fikrad la mid ah ee asalka ah ee dhulka iyo nidaamka qoraxda, sida laga soo xigtay oo meerayaasha sameeyay ka ah laamaha gaaska wax of spirals, "jiido" xiddigta Sun ee aan la garanayn, kaas oo ka dhacay meel ku dhow ku filan isaga si ay u.

Seynisyahanno lagu soo bandhigay in cosmogony ee fikirka ah "planetesimal" - Calaqo aruurshey gaasas ka walaxda asalka in noqotay uurjiifka ee meerayaasha iyo astiriyoodhada.

xukummo Jeenis

astrophysicist British J. Jeenis (1919) soo jeediyay in habka of qorraxda xiddiga kale ee la soo dhaafay jiido protrusion sigarka-qaabeeya ah, taasi oo markii dambe kor u galay rucubood oo kala duwan. Iyo ka dhexe ee qaybta ka sii dhumuc weyn oo ka mid ah "sigarka" meerayaasha badan oo la sameeyay, iyo geesaha - yar.

xiqiijiyay in Schmidt

In arrimaha barta asalka ah ee aragtida ee 1944, Schmidt muujiyay asalka ah ee aragtida Earth. Tan waxaa loo yaqaan fikrad meteorite ah, ka dibna ay jir ahaan iyo xisaab ahaan ku xeeldheer ardayda ah saynisyahan caan ah. By habka, in la xiqiijiyay of formation of Sun aan la tixgeliyo dhibaato.

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah, qorraxda on mid ka mid ah heerarka kala duwan ee horumarka qabtay ay (isaga jiido) daruur qabow gaas-boodh ah meteoric. Ka hor inta in ay hantiyeen daruur CDM aad u yar ayaa la isku beddeli heerka muhiim ah. In xoog beerta gravitational qorraxdu soo bilaabay kaladuwan daruur naasohoodu mass, cufnaanta iyo size. Qayb ka mid ah waxyaabaha meteoritic oo ay iftiinka ugu yimid, oo kale ah, iyada oo sababtu tahay geedi socodka accretion in sameysmeen xinjiro-ka uurjiifka ee meerayaasha iyo Satellite ay.

In this la xiqiijiyay in, ka soo jeedo iyo horumarinta dhulka, iyadoo aan loo eegin saameynta ah "dabayl qoraxda" - cadaadis shucaaca qoraxda, in dalkuba qaybaha gaaska iftiin dacallada ka mid ah nidaamka qoraxda. Sayidka sameeyay Earth ahaa jirka qabow. kululaaneysa dheeraad ah ee la xidhiidha kulaylka radiogenic, kaladuwan gravitational iyo ilo kale oo tamar gudaha ee caalamka. The cilmi la xiqiijiyay in khasaare weyn rumaysan qorraxdu soo baxdo waa jaaniska aad u yar ee qabsaday daruur naasohoodu this.

Malo miinooyinka iyo Sobotovich

History of asal ahaan dhulka weli yididiila saynisyahano. Xad dhawaan (1984) iyo E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich bandhigtay version gaar ah oo asal ahaan ka mid ah meerayaasha iyo qorraxda. Sida laga soo xigtay in ay view, la bilaabo geedi socodka daruurta gaas-ciidda noqon karta qarax supernovaer dhow. dhacdooyinka Xiga, sida laga soo xigtay cilmi, waxay ahaayeen sida soo socota:

1. Under saameynta qaraxa bilaabay riixo ee nebula iyo formation of farabadan dhexe - qorraxda.
2. Sun baxaysaa IRAs wareejiyo meerayaasha electromagnetic ama convective qas-by.
3. Wuxuu bilaabay inuu wax dhiso siddo Rafaa eg giraanta Saturn.
4. Sidaas darteed of accretion ee siddo wax planetesimals marka hore u muuqday markaas la sameeyay ee wakhtigan casriga ah.

horumar oo dhan qaaday meel aad si deg deg ah - oo ku saabsan 600 milyan oo sano gudahood.

Formation of qaab-dhismeedka dhulka

Waxaa jira faham kala duwan ee isku xigxiga ee formation of meelaha ugu hooseeya ee dhulkeenna. Sida laga soo xigtay mid ka mid ah, Protoearth wakiil qalab bir-silicate conglomerate unsorted. In mustaqbalka, iyadoo ay sabab u kala go'ida cuf dhacay ubucda bir ah, iyo dhar silicate - ugub ah accretion dhqaalaha. Taageerayaasha accretion Nuurre Aw aaminsan yihiin in madax adkaadeen ugu horeysay ayaa helay core bir ah, ka dibna soo shirtagi in ay qayb ka silicate more fusible.

Iyadoo ku xiran xalka dhibaatada this waxaan ka hadli karaa inta uu la egyahay kululaaneysa hore ee Dhulka. Indeed, waxyar ka dib markii formation meeraha bilaabay inuu kululeeyo ilaa ay sabab u tahay tallaabo wadajir ah dhawr arrimood:

• Planetesimals duqeyn ah oo ay dusha sare, taas oo la socday horumar kulaylka.
• Bololka ee shucaaca isotopes, oo ay ku jiraan alumina isotopes gaaban ku noolaa ee iodine, plutonium iyo kuwa kale.
• kaladuwan geyi-gravitational (haddii aynu ka fikirno accretion a dhqaalaha).

Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha, at this wareega hore ee formation meeraha qaybo dibadda noqon kartaa in gobolka u dhow dhalaalid ah. meeraha photo The Earth eegi lahaa sida kubbad cas-kulul.

Fikradda foosha of formation of qaaradood ah

Mid ka mid ah fikradaha ugu horeysay ka soo jeedo ee qaaradood ahaa foosha The, kaas oo dhismaha buurta lala qaboojinta ee Dhulka iyo hoos ay gacan. Taasi waa aasaaskii cilmiga dhulka ee hore. On ay sal geologist Austria E. Suess synthesize oo dhan jira waqti aqoonta ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka dhulka udubyadiisa in hawsha allifaadda ku ah "dhulka dushiisa oo ah". Laakiin dhamaadkii qarnigii XIX ah. waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in mid ka mid qayb ka mid ah qolof dhulka ee la cadaadiyo ee kale ah - taagay. aragtida foosha ayaa ugu dambeyntii burburtay ka dib markii laga helay ee shucaaca iyo joogitaanka dhulka udubyadiisa in ogaansho badan oo xubno ka shucaaca.

miyigii continental

In horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad. xiqiijiyay soo baxaya ee miyigii qaaradda. Qubarada ayaa muddo dheer dareentay xeebaha la mid ah ee South America iyo Africa, Africa iyo Gacanka Carbeed, yarta Hindiya iyo Africa, iyo kuwa kale. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u marka la barbar dhigo xogta Pilligrini (1858), ka dib Bihanov. Fikradda aad u of miyigii qaaradda waxaa diyaariyey by Haseyeeshee American Taylor iyo Baker (1910) iyo geophysicist iyo meteorologist Jarmal Wegener ah (1912). caddeeyana Last la xiqiijiyay in this in uu hawsha allifaadda "The Origin of qaaradood iyo badwaynta", kaas oo la daabacay 1915. The dood in ay ahaayeen xusay in taageero la xiqiijiyay in this:

• isku mid ah oo ah dulmari of qaaradood ee labada dhinac ee Atlantic ka, iyo sidoo kale qaaradood oo xuduud la Badweynta Hindiya.
• la mid ah dhismayaasha u qaaradood ku xiga qaybaha dhulka dhagaxyada Mesozoic Paleozoic iyo Early dambe.
• The hadhaagii fossilized ee dhirta iyo xoolaha, taas oo muujinaysa in flora qadiimiga ah iyo dubato oo ka mid ah qaaradaha koonfurta aasaasay koox kaliya, waxaa si gaar ah cadaynaysay hadhaagii fossilized of dinosaurs lystrosaurus nooc helay Africa, Hindiya iyo Jacaylku.
• data Paleoclimatic: tusaale ahaan, joogitaanka raad cover baraf dambe.

Formation of dhulka udubyadiisa

The asal iyo horumarinta dhulka la kala saari Karin xidhiidh dhismaha buurta. Wegener ku dooday in qaaradood ka kooban yihiin tacsida macdanta xad iftiinka, sida haddii ay sabayn on caag culus sariirta wax basalt sababaya. Waxaa la malaysan in safka hore ka dhuuban ee wax granitic lagu eedeeyay daboolay dhulka oo dhan. Tartiib tartiib, daacadnimadiisa waxaa carqaladeeyey ciidamada Goyiim soo jiidashada ah Moon oo Sun ah ku simaha on dusha sare ee caalamka min bari ilaa galbeed, iyo sidoo kale ciidamada culus ee ka soo wareeg ee Dhulka, saamaynaya ka geliyo ulaha dhulbaraha.

Dhagax adag (ineey) ahaa supercontinent hal, Pangea. Waxaa jiray ilaa dhexe ee xilligii Mesozoic oo burburay ee muddada Jacka. Taageerayaasha of xiqiijiyay in this ahaa asalka ah ee cilmiga dhulka Staub. Markaasaa waxaa jiray urur oo ka mid ah qaaradaha ee u Safra waqooyiga - Laurasia, iyo urur oo ka mid ah qaaradaha ee Hemisphere ka Koonfureed - Gondwana. Dhexdoodana ayaa ku xayiran dhagaxyada oo ka mid ah dabaqa Badweynta Pacific. Under qaaradood ee overlie badda magma taas oo ay dhaqaaqin. Laurasia iyo Gondwana rhythmically dhaqaaqay dhulbaraha, markaas ulaha laga gelin lahaa. Marka u dhaqaaqo supercontinent dhulbaraha frontally Tifaftirayaasha, sidaas riixaya ballaaran oo xanjaadka u Pacific. Kuwani geedi socodka dhulka badan oo ka fiirsada arrimaha ugu waaweyn ay u sameeyaan safafka buur weyn. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xagga dhulbaraha waxay dhacday saddex goor; inta lagu guda jiro orogeny Caledonian, Hercynian iyo Alpine.

gunaanad

On mawduuca of formation of nidaamka qoraxda soo saaray wax badan oo ka mid ah non-sheekooyin, buugaagta carruurta, publications gaar ah. asalka ah ee dhulka loogu talagalay carruurta marka la eego fudud ku tilmaamay in buugaagta. Laakiin haddii aad qaadato suugaanta 50 sano ka hor, waxaa iska cad in qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka saynisyahano casriga ah ayaa iska fiiriyey xagga kale. Cosmology, cilmi dhul iyo sayniska la xidhiidha aan weli taagan. Thanks inay qabsadaan, dhulka bannaan dadka ognahay waxa la arko ee Earth meeraha sawir ka bannaan. aqoon New abuuraa faham cusub ee sharciyada caalamka oo dhan.

Waa wax iska cad in uunka oo fowdo asalka ah, Dhulka Sun iyo meerayaasha ay ku lug lahaayeen ciidamada xoogga badan ee dabiiciga ah. La yaab ma laha in Aabayaalkiinii Horeeyey oo lala bar bar guulaha ilaahyada. Xitaa sida masaal wax aan macquul aheyn in la qiyaaso asalka ah ee dhulka, sawirada xaqiiqada lahaa malaha kibirka duni ugu dhiirato. Laakiin gelinno aqoonta ururiyey by saynisyahano ah, si tartiib ah u dhisay sawir oo dhan dunida.