The Life iyo Dhimashada Socrates

Geeri iyo nolol of Socrates ayaa weli xiiso weyn ma aha oo kaliya loogu talagalay taariikhyahanadu laakiin sidoo kale badan oo xiiseyneysay uu. xaqiiqooyin badan oo ka aayahooda fekeraya iyo maanta ku sii qarsoodiga ah. The Life iyo Dhimashada Socrates daboolay halyeeyada. ma waxaa la yaab kasta waxaan ka hadleynaa mid ka mid ah aqoon yahanno ugu weyn ee waqtiga oo dhan.

Asalkii Socrates

Socrates - falsafo caanka ah reer Ateenay ah, kuwaas oo la gudoonsiiyey taallo ee grand - wada hadal Plato ee. In iyaga, isagu waa ninkii.

Waxaa la og yahay in aabbe u ahaa Faylasuuf mustaqbalka, wuxuu ahaa stonemason (ama sculptor) Sophroniscus iyo hooyadiis - Fenareta. Malaha aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa nin si caddaalad ah hodanka ah. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa sameeyey gabagabo ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in Socrates la diriray sida hoplite ah, in uu yahay, sida dagaalyahan hubaysan. In kasta oo hanti ah ee waalidiinta, falsafo qudhiisu uusan daryeeli ku saabsan hantida iyo aad u cayroobay dhamaadka nolosha.

ilo-khilaafsan

Socrates fasiray waxbariddiisa gaar ku tahay qaab afka. Waan ognahay waxa ku saabsan oo laga helay ilo dhowr ah, mid ka mid ah taas oo ah image tixraac, iyo majaajilooyin of Aristophanes, parodies oo uu nool yahay oo uu. Xenophon iyo Plato sameeyey Wehbe Socrates waa posthumous, oo ku qoran hab laudatory. ilahaasi, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma u dhigma kasta oo kale oo siyaabo badan. Sida muuqata, fariimaha Aristotle ku salaysan Plato. Qorayaasha kale oo badan ayaa loo qaybiyay, iyo sidoo kale halyeey saaxiibtinimo ama colaadeed, ayaa sidoo kale ka qayb qaatay ee Socrates.

goobada Social falsafo, ka qaybgalka dagaalka

At dillaacay of War Peloponnesian ah, Faylasuuf ahaa 37 sano jir. dadkii uu la uu u sheegay ayay ka mid ah, waxay ahaayeen waxgaradka ka goobada of Pericles - sophist Protagoras, saynisyahan Archelaus, muusikiiste Damon, iyo sidoo kale Aspasia u cajiib ah. Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in uu ogyahay ka falsafo caanka Anaxagoras. In Plato ee "Phaedo" Socrates hadlayaa jahawareer uu ka reading qoraaladii Anaxagoras dareemay. Waxaan ku mashquulsan yihiin falsafo tababaray Arab-of Zeno of Elea, ka dib ka qeyb galay ay muxaadarooyin of Prodicus ku sophist, oo ahayd ka qaybgale ah ee doodaha la Thrasymachus, Gorgias iyo Antiphon. Socrates qudhiisu kala duwanaayeen dagaalka ee Battle of Potidea, la xiriira 432 BC. e., marka (e 422 BC..) Delia (424 BC. e.) iyo Amfibolis.

Socrates - Delphic qolkiisii quduuska

tallaabo aad u muhiim ah A ee horumarinta Faylasuuf this ahaa ku dhawaaqidda ugu quduusanba Delphic ah, "ayuu ugu xigmad badnaa ee ragga." Tani ayaa sheegay in Plato in "Apology of Socrates". Kanu waa warka culus Delphic qudhiisa u maleeyay in badan oo ku saabsan hadalladan. Wuxuu iyaga ku barbar uu aaminsan yahay in ay lid ku ah, inuu "ogyahay oo kaliya in uu waxba ma taqaan." Philosopher garawsannay yimid in tani ay tahay waxa ay ka dhigeysaa isaga ugu xigmad badnaa ee, sida dad badan oo xitaa ma waxan u garan. aqoonta inta ay Jaahil ah u gaar ah, iyo jahliga dadka kale waa mabda 'guud ee barashada cilmiga Socrates'. By this na dhiiri erayadii waa la xardhay on galo macbudka Apollo at Delphi. Erayadanu waa: "naftaada u ogaada."

Socrates iyo siyaasadda

By 423 BC. e. Socrates hore u ahaa shakhsi caan ah, sababta oo ah waxa uu noqday shayga of weerar garneel lagu on laba majaajilaystayaasha reer Ateenay ah si fiican u yaqaan - Ameypsiya iyo Aristophanes. Philosopher by siyaasiyiinta, laakiin ka mid ah saaxiibada ahaayeen Alcibiades, Critias, iyo Charmides Theramenes. saddex ugu danbeysay ahaayeen madaxda Soddon Murtadinta ah, kuwaas oo in Athens rogay dimuqraadiyadda. Oo Alcibiades Gaalo u yimid inuu magaalada uu ku dhashay sababtoo ah fursad siyaasadeed. Waxaa jira caddaymo isgaarsiinta in dadkan yeeli jirrabaadda kuwa Socrates.

In 406 BC. e. Waxaan ku mashquulsan yihiin falsafo isku dayay inuu horistaago xeeladaha xukunka sharci darrada ah iyo ka degdagis intayna ka kooban in la horkeeno cadaaladda ka dib markii raxan ka Ateenay ku guuleysatay dagaalkii ay of jasiiradaha Arginusskih. Waxaa kale oo la og yahay in ee 404 BC Faylasuuf tiray amarka Soddon Leontiev ka Murtadinta qabsado la Salamis, taas oo lagu daray liiska proscription ay.

nolosha Personal

Socrates, markii uu mar hore in da 'ahaa, xidhxidhnaa gunti la Xanthippe. Naagtii ayaa u dhashay saddex carruur ah Faylasuuf. Waxaa macquul ah in tani ay ahayd guurka labaad ee Socrates. Philosopher waxay ahayd mid liidata. Saftay aan caadi ahayn iyo xog la jiray maahmaah.

The maxkamad iyo dhimasho of Socrates

Socrates in 399 muuqday maxkamadda oo lagu eedeeyay "kharribo dhalinyarada" iyo ka hor "xumaantooda." margin cidhiidhi ah codadka, uu helay dambi. Marka fekeraya ah ma doonayaan in uu ku xadgudbay galin iyo isku dayay in aan si aad u weydiiso maxaabiis ahaan halkii dilka, dhimashada Socrates ayaa u codeeyay iyo aad u badan joogo maxkamadda.

Philosopher xabsiga ku jiray muddo bil ah, ka dibna xukunka waxaa la dilay. Fekeraya keenay koobkii sun (dacarmariid). Oo isna wuxuu u wada cabbeen, oo ay sabab u tahay waxaa yimid dhimashada ee Socrates. shuqullada noocan oo kale ah ee Plato sida "Phaedo", "Creighton" iyo "Apology of Socrates", kaas oo sheegaya waxa ku saabsan maxkamadda, on joogitaanka falsafo oo xabsi ah iyo dil, derdertay fekeraya geesinimada oo xiiso leh noo, adkaanta dambi uu.

In ka sano 399 BC. e. waxaa jiray dhimashada Socrates. Year waxaa si sax ah loo yaqaan, laakiin tirada ma la odhan karaa. Waxaan dhihi karaa oo kaliya in Faylasuuf dhintay dabayaaqadii June ama hore July. Sida laga soo xigtay maragga ka mid ah saddexda qorayaasha of Qarniyadii hore (Apollodorus ee Athens, Deemeetriyos Falerskogo iyo Plato), waqtiga dhimashada fikir Waxaan ahaa 70 sano jir. Dhimashada Socrates (tirada ugu badan ee qorayaasha qadiimiga ah isugu it on) ma sababo dabiici ah u yimid. Oo waxaa dhacday ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in uu cabbi jiray suntan. Sababta dhimashada of Socrates, si kastaba ha ahaatee, weli abuurtaa shaki ka mid ah taariikhyahanadu qaar ka mid ah. Inta badan dambe Plato in uu wada hadal "Phaedo" derdertay image ah falsafo, taas oo ah shisheeye in dhimashada ee dabiiciga ah, laakiinse waxaad ku hoos xaaladaha, qofka waa dhiman. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Plato qudhiisu uusan goob joog ka ahaa at dhimashada macallinkiisa. Waxa uu shakhsi ahaan ma aanan arkin dhimashada Socrates. Plato tilmaamay kooban oo ku saleysan saffarro ay.

text eedeeyay

Qoraalka eedeymaha ka dhanka ah falsafo, kaas oo uu soo gudbiyay in dib u eegis garsoorka, raagayaan ilaa maantadan la joogo. Waayo, kanu si loogu bogi on this qorayaasha yar-yaqaan Diogen Laertsky. Waxa uu leeyahay maqaalka oo cinwaankiisu ahaa "On falsafada nolosha", ku tilmaamayaa in qeybtii hore ee BC ee qarnigii 3aad. e. Tani waxay macluumaad muhiim ah Diogen Laertsky, markeeda, laga soo amaahday shuqullada Favorinus ee Arles. ninkani waxa uu ahaa taageere ah ee Qarniyadii hore, faylosuufiinta iyo qorayaasha. Isaga oo qudha ayaa ku noolaa qarnigii hore, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in la barbardhigo Diogenes, Waxaan si shaqsi ah arkay qoraalka ah ee Metroone Athens ah.

Inta badan cilmi heshiiyaan in ay tahay natiijo ka mid ah ansaxinta sunta ku yimid dhimashada geesinimada ah ee Socrates. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaan uma ogaan kartid sida ay ahayd. The xaaladaha dhimashada ee Socrates - mid ka mid ah daqiiqado ugu xiisaha badan ee mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed.

waxbaridda Socrates

Socrates sida macallin, waa shaqsi aad muranka. Sida caadiga ah, dil isaga ka gees ah, u sharax xumaanshaha ee dimuqraadiyadda. Laakiin waa inaan sheegaa in in 403 BC. e. Athens bogsatay nidaam ah in ay ahayd arrin macquul ah iyo dadnimo. Waxa uu isku hallaysay mabaadi'da cafis siyaasadeed, iyo si adag dhaqan. Xaaladdan oo kale, wax walba oo soo jeedisay in ugu daran oo la taaban karo ayaa lagu eedeeyay Socrates in "kharribo dhalinyarada". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad malayn karaa oo keliya waxa loola jeedo this. In wada hadal Plato ee "Creighton" waxa loola jeedaa ilaalinta Faylasuuf ka soo eedeeyay in uu "ay wiiqayso sharciga." Waxay jeelyihiin in ay suurtogal tahay, tani waxay muujinaysaa in ay saameyn ku leeyihiin Socrates on dhalinyarada waqti waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay weerar lagu qaaday aasaaska aad ee bulshada casriga ah.

Beddelidda aasaaska dadweynaha

nin dhallinyaro ah, kuwaas oo u yimid tan iyo da'da dugsiga, laga bilaabo wakhtiga Homer ee si aad u hesho "waxbarashada sare" iyada oo loo marayo isgaarsiinta leh ka weyn ah. Wuxuu iyagii maqlay tilmaamo afka iyo dayataan dhaqanka macalimiinta. Sidaas darteed, dhalinyarada helay tayada muwaadin qof weyn. Ka mid ah madaxda siyaasadda, markeeda, ka ab ka ab by hababka fulinta ee dawladda. Laakiin wakhtiga Socrates goobo qoyska ayaa joogsatay si ay u fuliyaan hawlaha oo dhan. Waxay waxaa loo wareejiyay maxkamadda kale, taas oo uu helay sameeyaan hay'adda, gaar ahaan la aasaasay, taas aawadeed mar hore ka dib markii Socrates dhintay. Plato ayaa Academy ahaa noocooda ah ee ururka. At madaxa habka ahaa kooxda kaliya caqliga kaas oo ka tirsan dhimay. Dadkani waxay keeneen fikradda guud ee waxbarashada "professional" ah Greece Western iyo Ionian ah.

Waa maxay nuxurka soo oogay ee "kharribo dhalinyarada"

Socrates lahaa gaar ahaan ay adag tahay sababtoo ah waxa uu lahaa in ay u dhaqmaan ee Athens. In 423 BC. e. kaliya labo comedy - Aristophanes ( "daruuro") iyo Ameypsy (ma wada ilaaliyo, majaajilada "Conn") - tilmaamay Faylasuuf, sida uu hoggaaminayay dugsiga upstart, oo ku salaysan - casharada caasinimada filial iyo Gardarro dhallinyaro ah. Tani fikradda xiisaha noo aqoon yahanno in 399 BC. e. Waxaa cad in kharash caanka ah ee Socrates in "kharribo dhalinyarada". Haddii waxaannu u jeesanaynaa dadka ka wada ardayda falsafo, aan ogaanno in ay inta badan kicisaa su'aasha ah: awowayaashiin ka weyn gudbin karaa Samo falku inaad ah ee dhallinyarada, ama baahida loo qabo in si gaar ah wax u bartaan?

Socrates sida wacdiya of fikrad aan la taaban karin

Xitaa more nuugo in tixgelin of Epoch dhaqanka ee dhibaatada, innagu waxaynu nahay kuwa u dhaw in ay fahmo sababta Arab-ee Socrates lahaa amar caynkan oo kale. Ugu jaleecada hore, ma cadda sida ay u sharxaan xaqiiqada ah in laba ka ab ayaa had iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaale Giriigga falsafada ah Socrates, kuwaas oo dhimasho ahayd arrin macquul ah. Oo inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in waxbarista fekeraya ku arkay qalab halligaadda.

Si taas loo fahmo, waxaad u baahan tahay si ay u eegaan waxa hab ee xidhiidhka la ansixiyay by waqtiga dhalashada Socrates iyo sida ay markii dambe bedelay. Athens ahaayeen marxalad ee dhamaystirka of kala guurka ah oo uu eraygii qoraal ah hadalka. Tani waxay saamayn ku, markeeda, afka, iyo sidoo kale ka farxiyay isbedelada foomamka miyirka. Isbeddelladan waxaa loo qeexi karaa sida guurka ka image in sidaynu, ka gabayada in tiraab, ka dareen in ay aqoon buuxa. Iyadoo fikrad aan la taaban karin tixgeliyaa sida a, daahfurka cusub la yaab leh. Taasi Socrates ahaa ay wax wacdiya.

The "daruuro" ee Aristophanes jees jeesi Faylasuuf sida aan la taaban karin fikir, cinwaan baaritaan "myslilnyu" for "fikirrada". Sidoo kale, wuxuu la soo bandhigay in fikradaha ah wadaad, bararka ku sugan Samooyinka, sida haddii daruuraha. "Afkaarta" farxda qosol halka kaliya sababtoo ah waxay yihiin. Sidoo kale waa in la ogaadaa in Aristofana Sokrat isticmaalaa hadalka ah ee cusub, wuxuu ku hadlaa in erey ee aan la taaban karin, taas oo fikrado qaadan qaabka wada hadalka.

Ardayda fekeraya walwalka fikradaha oo xiiso leh noo, ku qosleen by Aristophanes, waxaa lagu soo bandhigay sida qeexitaan search for noocyo kala duwan oo fikradaha la taaban karin sida "cadaalad" oo "wanaagsan", iyo sidoo kale habka abuurista luqad sax ah, iyadoo la kaashanayo oo aynu ka muujin kari waayo aragnimo gaar ah, iyo aqoon fikradeed.

Life, waxbaristiisa, dhimasho of Socrates - waxan oo dhan waxa aan u sheegay. Mid ka mid hadli kari at dhererka ku saabsan this Faylasuuf fiican. Waxaan rajaynaynaa in qodobkan ayaa ismaandhaafka aad xiiso isaga.