Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: Biography, sawiro iyo xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Si fiican u yaqaan kacaan Ruush Zinovev Grigory (noolaa 1883-1936) sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa halyay ah Soviet iyo tirada siyaasadeed. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo qaar ka mid ah, oo uu magaciisa dhabta ahaa Radomyslsky Ovsey Gershoon (Gershoon Yevsei) Aronovich; ilo kale oo la mid ah, oo magiciisana waxaa la Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (hooyadiis). Biography kooban oo Grigoriya Zinoveva noqday mawduuca of our dib u eegis.

Childhood Family iyo

Dhashay Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (kooban oo ku saabsan qofka aad baran doontaa ka article) ee 1883kii, 11 (23) September ee Elisavetgrad gobolka (casri ah Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson. Tan iyo 1924, Nebina dalkiisa muddo toban sano ah ayaa loo magacaabay Zinoviev. Aabbihiis Haaruun Radomyslsky, kuwaas oo ay leedahay beer caanaha ah, isaga siiyey waxbarashada aasaasiga ah.

Waayo, 14 sano, Zinoviev ayaa lagu qasbay in ay ka shaqeeyaan sidii karaaniga a iyo casharada la siiyo, sida uu qoyskiisa ku cayroobay.

xaaskiisa ugu horeysay Gregory ahaa xirfadle kacaan Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, sidoo kale loo yaqaano hoos magaca Olga. Waxay qayb ka mid ah RSDLP ahaa, ku meel gaar ah bedelay Guddoomiyaha Arrimaha Gudaha ee gobolka Waqooyi, waxa uu si joogto ah la xiray.

naagtiisa Next Lilina Zinoviev ahaa Zlata Ionovna, sidoo kale loo yaqaan hoos magac maldahan u Siinaa Levin. Sidoo kale ka qayb-galay RSDLP ka shaqeeyay in Soviet Petrograd ah, iyadu gacan saar la leeyihiin wargeyska "Pravda" iyo "Star". Zinoviev dhashay wiil a - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. At da'da 29, in la xiray oo lagu xukumay dil.

naagtiisa Saddexaad Radomyslsky noqday Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Waxay ku qaatay dibedda iyo xabsi ah ku dhawaad 20 sano ee uu noloshiisa.

hawlaha Pre-kacaan

In 18 sano (1901), Zinoviev noqday xubin ka mid ah RSDLP oo bilaabay in ay ka qayb dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan. Waxa uu abaabulay weerar shaqaalaha ee Russia Cusub, kaas oo uu ku silcin by booliska. Ka fogaanshada cadaadis 1902 Radomyslsky u tageen inay Berlin, ka dibna sano ah gudahood uu u dhaqaaqay Paris iyo Bern. In 1903, waxaa jiray in uu la Lenin la kulmay, iyo ka dib inta badan dhow isaga oo bilaabay inuu matalo ururada hantiwadaagga Yurub.

In 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, sawirka aad ka arki kartaa in article ah, uu ku biiray Bolsheviks iyo II Congress of RSDLP ku taageeray Lenin. Isla sanadkaas, kacaan ah ayaa ku soo laabtay Ukraine, halkaas oo uu hogaaminayo dacaayad firfircoon.

Sannad ka dib, ay sabab u tahay cudurka wadnaha Radomyslsky mar kale dalka ka tagay, si Berne soo laabtay. Waxaa uu bilaabay inuu wax ka barato, diiwaan University ee Kuliyada Chemistry, laakiin sannad ka dib joojiyey waxbarashadiisii uu ka qayb kacaanka (1905-1907). In Russia, waxaa la sugaya xubin ka RSDLP ku gorkomitete St. Petersburg. xumad New xanuun qasbay Zinoviev mar kale in Bern tagaan, laakiin inaad wax ka barato Kuliyada ah. In guga ee 1906 ayuu si St. Petersburg soo noqday, waxay ku dhacaa CC ah (codad ka badan heshay Lenin oo keliya) iyo editor bilaabo shaqada wargeysyada "Forward" iyo "xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga" (publication dhulka hoostiisa). Waayo, hawlaha uu hoos qabtay 1908, ay sabab u tahay cudur gargaartay oo u tegey Austria Galicia la Lenin in saddex bilood ah.

Waxaa Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, kuwaas oo Biography waxaa ka buuxa musiibo, helay xisbiga Bolshevik ka lacag badan iyada oo loo marayo dalxiisto caanka Parvus. Booliska dalka Austria rumeysan yahay in Zinoviev qorteen sirdoonka Faransiiska.

kacaanka

Bishii Abriil 1917, Zinoviev naagtiisa labaad Zlata Lili, ay ina Stephen leh, xaaskiisa ugu horeysay Sarah Ravich Lenin in Russia ku noqdeen in tareen laga shaabadeeyey. maalmaha July ka dib markii Lenin qariyey Radomyslsky iyo qubasho baddii ka soo Dawladda Ku-meelgaarka ah (hadda waxaa jira taallo taagay sanadkii joogo kasta oo teendhada a). Waxay looga shakisan yahay basaasnimo iyo iskaashiga Austria-Hungary.

Bishii Oktoobar 1917, waxa uu ahaa kulan ay u xiran yihiin golaha dhexe Bolshevik ah, halkaas oo Zinoviev iyo Lev Kamenev sheegay in ay ahayd dhicis ah inay ridaan dowladda ku meelgaarka ah iyo is afgaranwaa la xallinta Lenin ee. Waxqabadkooda ee "New Life" (Mensheviks) dhowaad keentay in laga eryo xisbiga, balse ay go'aansadeen in ay kaliya u diid iyaga u dhaqmaan on ay wakiil.

Marka Bolsheviks iyo SRS awood qabtay Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym iyo Viktorom Noginym ku dooday in wada xaajoodka ay la-dhimista ee Vizhelem iyo codsi ay u milmaan galay dawlad hantiwadaag xisbiga keli ah. Lenin iyo Trotsky joojiyay wada xaajoodka, iyo November 4, Afar iyaga biiray Vladimir Milyutin ka golaha dhexe yimid. Lenin in jawaab iyaga shaaca ka goostay - taasi waa waxa uu xitaa xusay in uu markhaati siyaasadeed.

dagaal sokeeye

By dhamaadka 1917 Zinoviev loo ogolaaday inuu ku soo laabto siyaasadda. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee uu noqday guddoomiyaha degmooyinka gobolka Northern Midowga Sovnarkorma Petrograd Soviet, ka Petrograd Difaaca kacaan.

Helitaanka awood buuxda u kharribmay Zinoviev. Marka wareegsan oo dhan ayaa la gaajoonaya, wuxuu qabanqaabiyaa diyaafadaha xarrago leh u dhow. On uu initiative, ka bourgeoisie iyo xubno shaqada u diiday kaararka kibis. Iyada oo tobanaan kun oo dad ah ayaa qaybtan hoos yimaada. macno Waxay la xukumay gaajo.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (Biography gaaban waxaa lagu soo bandhigay in aad fiiro in this article) markii hore diideen "argagixisada cas" ka dib markii isku daygii on Lenin iyo dilkii Volodarsky iyo Uritsky, taas oo uu si xoogan lagu dhaleeceeyay Lenin. Waxa uu u caddeeyey ka dhanka ah kala iibsiga ee magaalada Moscow.

Zinoviev Lenin dib goobta, taageero Treaty Brest-Litovsk, oo waxaa ugu dhaqsaha badan soo noqday madaxda sare ee golaha dhexe in uu xubin ka kadago cusub. isaga dhiibtay ah post iyo Fulinta Guddoomiyaha Comintern ah, halkaas oo uu ku soo bandhigay fikradda ah "fashiistaha bulshada".

Zinoviev ka qeyb qaatay abaabulka ah "cabsi Red" ee intelligentsia ee Petrograd, taas oo uu iyaga lagu naanayso "Grishka Saddexaad" (marka la barbardhigo Otrepyev iyo Rasputin).

Under hoggaanka dadweynaha magaalada Petrograd Zinoviev ayaa in ka badan 4 milyan oo qof oo ku dhacday. Inta badan oo iyaga ka mid fudud u tagay magaalada, laakiin qayb weyn ka gaajo iyo dil u dhintay. Impact iyo dhibaatada shidaal - jiilaalka magaalada si fudud ma shidaal.

Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in falalka noocaas ah waxay ahaayeen istaraatijiyad Zinoviev si loo yareeyo "xubno non-proletarian."

Inkasta oo boqolaal ka mid ah dadka la toogtay, Zinoviev cadaadis ahaayeen ugu dulmiga iyo hami. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in la Yeedhiyaa by quusan, cabsi dhimashada kacaanka.

Tan iyo 1921, Zinoviev ahaa xubin ka mid ah kadago iyo ujeedadiisu jagooyinka keentay. Dallacsiiyey waqtiga dhaxalka Lenin ee, uu daabacay buugaag badan - shuqulladiisa ururiyay bilaabay inuu daabaco.

Zinoviev waxaa si firfircoon uga qayb caddibaadda sheekh Orthodox ka, marka Bolsheviks ah kala wareegeen kiniisadda qiimaha mass. In Petrograd, oo uu markaas ku soo orday, maray tijaabada, taas oo dhimashada lagu xukumay 10 wadaaddadii, oo ay ku jiraan Archimandrite taliye Sergiyos Bawlos oo ka dib canonized sida Shuhadada weli Metropolitan Benyaamiin.

Zinoviev ka qeyb qaatay kaca ee Stalin, saamayn uu ballan Guud ee RCP ee 1923 by Xoghayaha. tan uu ku sameeyey ma ka mid ah naxariis shaqsi ahaaneed, iyo in ay keenaan in dagaalka ka dhanka ah Trotsky.

Ka dib markii dhimasho Lenin ee

dhimashada Lenin tartamaya dhabta ah Ka dib markii awood ahaayeen Trotsky iyo Zinoviev.

Sanadihii kuwa, jagooyinka Zinoviev ahaayeen kuwo aad u dhagan. Wuxuu ku baaqay in la burburiyo ee isku duba riday oo si buuxda u dhacaan tuulada, si kor loogu qaado warshadaha. Waxay ahayd ayuu cynically shaaca ka qaaday in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la burburiyo oo qayb ka ah dadka Ruush, sida oo dhan mar kale waxbarasho ee ay jidka u gaar ah Bolsheviks ku kari waayay.

Zinoviev isku dayay in uu abaabuli kacaan adduunka ah. Communists isku dayeen in ay ku qabsadaan awooda in Germany, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Waxaas oo dhan ayaa keentay in dhimasho badan iyo kharashka dhaqaale macquul ahayn.

Iyada oo ay kacaan Comintern Zinoviev Gregory ogaan xaddi waalan lacag bangiyada reer galbeedka.

Nidaam ay shaqsiyadiisa

Inkastoo Zinoviev si cad u canaantay Stalin, laakiin nidaam shakhsiyadda ka hor inta uu abuuray oo waxay afuufeen u xoog badan. Waxa uu magaalada guriga uu baxshay Zinoviev, inuu magiciisa immortalize. In magaalooyin badan oo waaweyn, at amarkiisa, taxadiri iyo busts ayaa lagu rakibay. Waxa uu daabacay ururinta dhan shuqulladiisa (33 Muga).

mucaaradka cusub

Muddo 2 sano Zinoviev Kamneva soo horjeeda Stalin. Sidaas darteed, waxaa mar dambe hanuuniyey by Guddiga Fulinta ee Comintern iyo golaha magaalada, marka hore waxaa laga kadago ah, oo sannad ka dib ka golaha dhexe. Tan waxa la eryitaan ka Party iyo link.

In 1928, Zinovev Grigory, kuwaas oo qoys ayaa sidoo kale soo gaaray, ka qoomamooday, oo way bogsatay in xisbiga by magacaabista ah Raktarka University Kazan. Afar sano ka dib, hawlaha suugaanta iyo saxaafadda waa in mar kale ay xiraan oo la masaafuriyey, laakiin markan for the-warbixin aan. In tixraac this, wuxuu tarjumayaa "Mein Kampf" ( "My Halganka") Hitler. In 1933 waxa la soo saaray wareegga kooban oo turjumidda (shaqaalaha xisbiga bartay).

Halkii afar sano oo la masaafuriyey, sannad ka dib Zinoviev mar kale dib loo soo celiyo ee xisbiga wuxuu u diray Golaha Dhexe. At shirweynaha xisbiga, uu toobad iyo ammaani Stalin iyo kuwii la jiray. Waxaa Zinoviev markaas loo yaqaan Stalin ah "hanad ee waqtiga oo dhan."

Go'aan maxkamadeed iyo maxkamadda

Bishii December 1934, Zinoviev ayaa mar kale la xiray, xukunka ilaa 10 sano oo xabsi ah. Xeer-ka caawiyey in dilka Kirov, ra'yiga of taariikhyahanadu badan, xaqiiqda ayaa loo diyaariyey by Stalin. Iyadoo in isolator siyaasadeed Verhneuralsk, wuxuu qoraal, ku tilmaamayaa in Stalin la xaqiijiyo in uu mar dambe waa cadowga, iyo diyaar u ah si ay u gutaan kasta oo looga baahan yahay.

Stalin iyo taageerayaashiisa ayaa sameeyey isticmaalka ballaaran ee asalka ah ee Zinoviev iyo Kamenev, Beenta ku faafin in mucaaradka waa Yuhuudda iyo waxgaradka.

Wakhtigan, dayactirka Zinoviev la raacin, iyo in 1936 maray "nidaamka ah lix iyo toban ah", taas oo ah madaxda hore ee xisbiga xukumay. August 24 go'aansadeen in ay fuliyaan dil ah - ciqaabta dilka. Maalin kadib xukunka toogasho ah.

Waxaa xusid mudan in xukunka la joojiyay sanadkii 1988, garashada la'aanta ah ee talaabo lagu helay dambi ah.

Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in inta lagu jiro baaritaanka Zinoviev sameeyey dalbaday inuu ku soo laabto lacag ah Comintern ah. Oo haddana wuxuu keenay qayb ka mid ah lacagta in qofka la afduubay iyo ma haysan waqti ay ku qaataan ama maal. Ka dib markii in Stalin nool, wuxuu ahaa ma loo baahan yahay.

Barashada ku saabsan dhaqanka Zinoviev hor fulinta, Stalin quudhsasho leh candhuuf ku tufay dhulka, isagoo sheegay in wax kale oo derbi ku dhacaya in ay ku riday dambaysta ahaa diyaar.

Inta lagu guda jiro qabashada Zinoviev hayaa xaalado walaac ah. kulaylka kululaynta qolkii ugu badan waxaa ka mid ahaa. Dhibaatooyinka kelyaha iyo beerka, iyo xaaladaha sida keenay oo maxbuuska ah ayaa weerar culus - xanuunka uu diidanaa in on dhulka dhigay oo ka baryay in lagu wareejiyo isbitaalka. Halkii, gargaarka lagama maarmaanka u ah dhakhaatiirta wuxuu isaga siiyey daawooyin, ayaa sii xumaynaysa cudurka.

The xaaladaha xabsiga walaac ah ka dib markii nolol raaxo iyo ammaan Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev dumiyey iyo tearfully baryay Stalin in la joojiyo maxkamadda.

Stalin ballanqaaday inuu Zinoviev iyo Kamenev ay u sii noolaadaan qoysaskooda, haddii ay ku heshiiyaan in ay maxkamad la eedeymaha oo dhan iyo wada hadlaan qaar ka mid ah Bolsheviks hore. Tani qoslo jirrabaadda kuwa la qabtay, laakiin ma uusan badbaadin nolosha dembiilayaasha.

dhimashada

Zinoviev lagu toogtay on Habeenka of August 26, 1936 Waxaa ka dhacay dhismaha ECCU (Moscow). markhaatiyada dil xusuusannaa in Zinoviev foororsaday oo la weydiiyay naxariista, dhunkashada kabaha askari, laakiin ugu danbeyn uu xitaa ma socon karin, sidaas oo kale ayaa dhowr mitir ee ugu danbeysay ee uu kaliya jiiday. Ka hor inta fulinta, wuxuu bilaabay in uu akhriyo salaadda in uu u dhashay Cibraaniga. Kamenev, kuwaas oo lagu xukumay isaga, isaga oo ku boorriyay in ay joojiyaan dullowganaga iyo dhinto sharafta. Waxaa jira version kale, sida laga soo xigtay oo fulinta Zinoviev lahaa in la sameeyo on bareelo.

Ka dib markii dayactirka Zinoviev 1988, dhawr sano ka ammaantiisa sida mid aan xadgudubka-ku dhufatay marka repressions Stalin ee.

qaraabada cadaadis

Cadaadis gaaray oo dhan saddexdii naagood Zinoviev. xaaskiisa Sarah First Ravich la xiray saddex jeer, ugu dambeyntii la dayactiray oo laga sii daayay cudur si daran saddex sano ka hor geeridiisa 1954.

xaaskiisa labaad Zlata Liling laba jeer la xiray iyo diray maxaabiis, laakiin ka duwan wiilkiisa, ayay baxsaday inuu ku dhinto. ina Zinoviev ayaa ku dhintay sannaddii waxa soo socda. Ka dib markii fulinta ee Gregory ka maktabadaha wareegeen shuqulka oo dhan lagu Lili (inta badan ka shaqeeya waxbarashada bulshada iyo shaqada).

naagtiisa Saddexaad Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman xiray ku dhowaad labaatan sano. Waxay u sii daayay kaliya ee 1954 iyo dayactirey qarnigii soo socda - in 2006. About ninkeeda ayay ku qoray xusuus, laakiin si ay u daabacaan qaraabadooda mamnuucay.

shaneemo

muhiimadda Zinoviev ee dhacdooyinka taariikhiga ah iyo siyaasadeed si joogta ah muuqataa in filimada ay. film kowaad wuxuu ahaa "October" - abuurka carrabka Eisenstein. Waxaa xusid mudan in Zinoviev ciyaaray Apfelbaum - walaalkiis. Waxaa ka mid ah filimada kale ee loo yaqaano "buuga buluuga", "In wakhtigii October", "Red", "Red dawanno", "Lenin. Tareen "," Stalin "," Under Sign ee Scorpio "iyo taxanaha TV" Yesenin ".

saffarro opinion

Biography kooban oo Grigoriya Zinoveva, mid ka mid ah ama qaab kale, oo xiiso leh in ay contemporaries badan. Waa maxay aragti ka mid ah dadweynaha oo ku saabsan ninkan? Asal ahaan saffarro lama aad u wanaagsan ka kacay Zinoviev. Waxay aqoonsan uu sirdoonka iyo magaalinimo, laakiin sidoo kale xusay in uu yahay doqon ah oo hufan iyo dhagar.

Close dadka Zinoviev sheegay in uu leeyahay gaadhista lahayn, wax aan waxba tarayn xad-dhaaf ah iyo hamiga, dabaal caadooyinka laandheere.

saaxiibo xisbiga Zinoviev dhaleeceeyay isagoo ku fiicnayn muran iyo doorashada unprincipled ee macnaheedu yahay in la gaaro guulo shaqsi ah iyo mid siyaasadeed.

Inta lagu jiro abaar in Petrograd, Zinoviev miiska keeneen noocyo kala duwan oo macaan. Waxa uu sheegay in dhaqan caatada ah iyo suubban prerevolutionary Gregory koray in muhiimadda iyo Isla Sarreeyn "footeeyaan buuran" oo dadka lacag dambe ka gaajaysan qallocan.

In ka-qorka ee saffarro Zinoviev hadal ah oo ku saabsan jiritaanka Leningrad ee nidaam ee qofku shakhsiyadiisu.