The ku meel gaar ah yaroow, in dadka siiyey baabiiyo of serfdom?

Bayaanka 1961 weligiis baabiiyo ku serfdom ee Empire Ruush ah. Maxaa bedelay dibuhabaynta this dadka caadiga ah? First, qalcaddii la soo dhaafay, hantida hore ee nin oday ah, ku dhowaad wax keensataa xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed. Second, wuxuu helay xaq u leeyihiin inay Wakiil ah hantidooda on iyaga u gaar ah. Maxay ayaa had iyo jeer ugu muhiimsan ee beeralay ah? Dabcan, dalkii oo quudiya oo kuu ogolaanaya in aad ku nooshahay ay shaqada.

beeralay kasta oo ka nin oday reer u geliyey si ay u isticmaalaan, kaas oo barshchina Abaal Marintooda Sugan bixinta ama, dhab ahaantii, wax yar ka waajibaadka hore kala duwan helay. Sidaas darteed, dadka qaba xoriyadooda badalaan hodannimo la nool ayaa sidoo kale ma beddelmin. Inta badan ee ku meel gaar ah ridayeen siiyey Qayb xitaa ka yar ilaa iyo haatan la warshadeeyey. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhammaan dhulka ugu fiican ahaayeen mulkiilayaasha ah, dadka ayaa sidoo kale helay liitay, dhagaxa iyo meesha xanibayo ee goobta.

Dibuhabaynta ayaa la wareegay in si ku meelgaar ah yaroow noqon doonaa milkiilaha ay dhul yar. Si arrintan loo sameeyo uu lahaa in ay bixiyaan mulkiilaha kharashka estate oo beerta sirqoollada dalka, iyadoo aadka buunbuuniyo. Waxaa soo baxay in waqti isku mid ah uu bixiyo ay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed. Dawladdu waxay si degdeg ah lacag siiyaan si ay mulkiilayaasha ah, iyo dadka caadiga ah lahaa, waayo 49 sano si ay isaga bixiyaan lacagta oo dhan iyo in ka badan 6% sannadkii isticmaalka amaahda.

Mulkiilaha ay sabab u tahay dib u habaynta waxay u muuqataa in laga badiyay hantida ay - serfs, laakiin meelaha ugu daran ee ay territory wuxuu ka iibiyey qiimaha ugu sarreeya, taas oo ka badan magdhow khasaarihii uu. Kuwaan dalka ma soo iibsan, bixiso isticmaalka uruka ay ama ka shaqeeyay in ninkii hore.

The meel gaadh ah soo ridayeen ayaa waxaa loo yaqaan "milkiilaha" ee dhul isla markiiba ka dib markii macaamilka ganacsi furashada gabagabeeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ninkii neefka lahaa buuxa, wuxuu noqday kaliya ka dib markii lacag bixinta daymaha oo dhan. Waxaan dhihi karnaa in isla markiiba uu dayn inay noqon qalcaddayda iyo noqday nin weyn oo lacag la'aan ah, maxaa yeelay waxa ay gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan tahay dalka, kuwaas oo ku sugnaa gudaha dalka gacmaha dadka dhulka ku.

Waxaa loo maleeyey in muddo 20 sano ah, beeralay kasta oo ku meel gaar ah siin lacag mulkiilaha ay dhul yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda saxda ah aan la dhigay, oo sidaas daraaddeed badan ayaa si dhaqso u lahayn in ay qaadato qaab amaah ah, sii barshchina ama Abaal Marintooda Sugan in ay bixiyaan milkiilaha loo isticmaalo ee dalka. By 1870 laga soo iibsaday baxay dalka ku saabsan oo keliya kala bar. In ka badan kow iyo toban sano ee soo socota, sida tiradoodu tahay ayaa kor u kacay 85%. Just ka dibna waxaa jiray baabiiyo oo ka mid ah ku meel gaar ah yaroow gobolka. 1881 waxay ahayd sannad ah marka sharciga la ansixiyay on furashada khasab ah dhul yar oo dalka ee labadii sano ee soo socota. Qof kasta oo aan la dhigay inta lagu jiro waqtigan macaamil repurchase, dalkoodii laga badiyay. Sayidka, ugu dambeyntii, this category ka mid ah dadka la waayay by 1883kii.

Bayaanka of 1861 siiyo yaroow xorriyadda aan wax shuruud ah, laakiin lacag bixinta amaah ah gobolka keentay in xaqiiqda ah in in qarnigii 20aad, oo ku saabsan 40% oo ka mid ah run ahaantii waxay ahaayeen semi-Serf, sii ay u shaqeeyaan mulkiilayaasha in uu bixiyo deynta. State muddo socday ku meel gaar ah yaroow gobolka, xawaalad oo keliya sirqoollada dalka of faa'iido ah oo ku saabsan 700 milyan oo rubles.