Tali nuxurka Markovnikov aayadaha iyo tusaalooyin

The falgalka kiimikada meesha halligaadda curaarta double in alkenes iyo alkynes ee xaafuun ku biiri kartaa qayb ka duwan. Waa maxay xiran sharciyada habka this? Waxaan bartay dhaqanka homologues ku dhufo oo ka mid ah ethylene iyo fuuq gidrogalogenirovanii saynisyahan Ruush aayadaha Markovnikov. Wuxuu ogaaday in hab dareen-celinta ah ee socodka ku xiran tahay sida tirada hydrogen la carbon xiran bond a double. xiqiijiyay in la Yimaadeen by cilmiga ah, ayaa xaqiijiyay ka dib markii daahfurtay ah oo duurka ku ah qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda. xeerka Markovnikov ayaa la dhigay aasaas u ah abuurista aragti cilmiyeed codsiga wax ku ool ah. Waxay kuu ogolaanaysaa inaad si fiican u qabanqaabiyaan soo saarka ee polymers, saliidaha, alcohols.

Markovnikov ee qaanuunka

saynisyahan Ruush in hawshu waqti badan u huray in daraasadda of sinnayn farsamo reagents lifaaqa HYDROCARBONSka roodhida. In uu article, daabacay Jarmal ee 1870, aayadaha Markovnikov ay soo jiidatay bulshada sayniska on selectivity ee is dhexgalka ee halides hydrogen la atamka carbon yaal debaajiga double ee alkenes unsymmetrical. cilmi-Ruush daliishaday xogta waxaa ku salaysan waayo-aragnimo in shaybaarka. Markovnikov qoray in halogeen daruuri soo biiray in ay la eb carbon taas oo uu leeyahay tirada yar ee atamka hydrogen. Inta badan shuqullada sayniska caan helay at bilowgii qarnigii XX ah. Wuxuu soo jeediyay fikrad ah ee farsamo ee dhexgalka waxaa lagu magacaabaa "xeerka Markovnikov."

Life iyo shaqada oo ka mid ah cilmiga-organics

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov ku dhashay 25 (13 sida ay article ee Style.) Bishii December 1837. Wuxuu bartay at the University of Kazan, iyo ka dib baray isla dugsiga iyo University of Moscow. Markovnikov bartay dhaqanka ee Consort roodhida by reaction la halides hydrogen tan iyo 1864. Ilaa 1899, saynisyahano dalalka kale bixisay in gabagabadii fiiro ma farmashiyaha Ruush. Markovnikov, xukunka laga reebo, magaca in uu sharaf, ka dhigay tiro ka mid ah natiijooyinka kale:

• Waxaan helay cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid,
• Waxaan baaritaan saliid ka mid ah Caucasus oo walxaha organic furay Halabuurka gaar ah - naphtha;
• Waxaan dhigay farqiga u dhibcood barafku xeryahooda la silsilad jahaysteen oo si toos ah;
• acids dufan isomerism cadaato.

Talaaboda saynisyahan door weyn ka qaata horumarinta warshadaha kiimikada gudaha iyo sayniska.

nuxurka la xiqiijiyay in la Yimaadeen by Markovnikov

saynisyahan The sanado badan ku qaatay barashada falcelinta Intaa waxaa dheer reagent HYDROCARBONSka roodhida la mid bond double (alkenes). Waxaa la xusay in haddii xeryahooda ee jooga hydrogen, ka dibna waxaa loo soo diray in ay la eb carbon ah, taas oo ka kooban qayb ka badan oo noocyada in. anion waxaa ku lifaaqan carbon ku xiga. Tani waa xeerka Markovnikov ay nuxurka. hanad Sayniska in la saadaaliyo dhaqanka oo ka mid ah qayb, qaab-dhismeedka oo wakhtigaas ma ahaayeen kuwo aad u cad. Sida laga soo xigtay xeerka, si ethylene ee shidaalka soo biiray qalabka xarunta isagoo HX halabuurka ah, kuna waari dhexdeeda X waa:

• halogeen;
• OH,
• hadhay acid of sulfuric acid,
• Qurub kale.

codka Modern Markovnikov sharci ka duwan daawooyinka saynisyahan ah: eb hydrogen ka NH taagoo alkene ku attachable la faray in ay carbon bond double at in mar hore ku jira hydrogen dheeraad ah, iyo X waa walxaha la geeyo la eb ee yaraan hydrogenated.

hab ay of lifaaqa qayb electrophilic

Ka fikir noocyada falgalka kiimikada, taas oo xukunka khuseysaa Markovnikov. tusaale:

1. reaction Intaa waxaa dheer of chloride hydrogen in propene. Inta lagu guda jiro wada falgelidda qayb ka ah waa la wada baabbi'iyey bond double. anion Koloriin la faray inay carbon yar hydrogenated waxa uu ku yaalaa at debaajiga double. Hydrogen sameynayso leh inta badan, kuwaas oo atamka hydrogenated. Waxa asaasay propane 2-chloro.
2. Britain ayaa biyo falcelinta Intaa waxaa dheer hydroxyl xubnaha Golaha timaado in carbon yar hydrogenated. Hydrogen lagu darayaa ugu eb hydrogenated at debaajiga double.

Waxaa jira laga dhaafo laga soo jeediyay sharci Markovnikov in kuwa falcelinta meesha reactants waa alkenes, taas oo carbon ee debaajiga double hore tiro ka mid ah kooxaha xun. Waxay doorteen cufnaanta qayb electron, kaas oo inta badan soo jiitay in hydrogen ku wanaagsan soo oogay. Ha raacin xeerarka iyo falcelin ku socday hab xagjirka ah halkii electrophilic (saamayn Harish). ka reeban ma detract ka mudnaanta xeerarka dheefay caan ah farmashiyaha organic Ruush V. V. Markovnikovym.