Synapse - this ... dhis synapse ah. Habdhiska, synapse muruqa iyo kiimikada

Synapse - qeexay shanta hablood aagga xiriir ah unugyada dareenka iyo unugyada aan excitable iyo excitable haray in ay bixiyaan gudbinta of signal macluumaadka. Synapse morphologically sameeyay xiriiraya xuubka 2 unugyada. xuub waxaa la xiriira appendages unugyada dareemeyaasha, loo yaqaano xuub presynaptic of a cell, kaas oo uu helo signal ah, labaad ee ay magaca - postsynaptic. Oo ay la socdaan iyagoo xuub postsynaptic laga yaabaa synapse interneuronal, muruqyada iyo neurosecretory. Word of synapse la soo saarin in 1897 by Charles Sherrington (Eng Physiologist.).

Waa maxay synapse ah?

Synapse - dhismeedka gaar ah, kaas oo bixiya gudbinta fiber dareemayaasha dareemayaasha Suu si fiiloyin kale dareemayaasha ama unugyada neerfaha, iyo in saamayn dhacay fiber dareemayaasha ka gacanta receptor (aagga xiriir la kasta unugyada kale ee dareemayaasha, iyo macdantaa kale neural), laba unugyada dareenka u baahan .

Synapse - xafiiska yar ee dhamaadka neuron ah. Iyada oo ay caawimo waa kala iibsiga ee macluumaad ka horeysay si neuron labaad. Synapse waa in saddex qaybood oo ka mid ah unugyada dareenka. Sidoo kale synapses waa in meesha gacanta dareemayaasha yimaado oo xidhiidh la leh qanjidhada kala duwan ama muruqyada jidhka.

Waa maxay waxa ay ku jirtaa synapse ah

Dhismaha synapse leeyahay circuit fudud. Waxaa la aasaasay of 3 gogo ', kuwaasoo mid walba uu hawlaha qaarkood waxaa lagu sameeyaa inta lagu jiro gudbinta xogta. Sayidka, qaab-dhismeedka noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo yeedhi karaa synapse ku haboon gudbinta Suu dareemayaasha. Si toos ah on habka of kala iibsiga macluumaadka saamayn labada unugyada waaweyn: gartay iyo gudbinta. boosteejada presynaptic waxaa gudbinta dhamaadka unugyada axon (qaybta hore ee synapse ah). Waxay saamayn ku yeelan kara gacanta si ay u bilaabaan neurotransmitters ah (eraygan waxa uu leeyahay dhowr macne: dhexdhexaadiyayaal dhex dhexaadinta ama neurotransmitters) - gaar ah walxaha kiimikada, ku dheehan yahay ee u dhexeeya 2 neurons dhaqan kala iibsiga of signal korontada.

dillaacii synaptic waa qayb ka mid dhexe ee synapses - waa muddo u dhaxaysa 2 sameynayso unugyada dareenka. Iyada oo farqiga this iyo galo unugyada by gudbinta garaaca wadnaha koronto. qaybtii ugu danbaysay ee synapse a waxaa loo arkaa inay korodhso of unug, taas oo ah dhammaadka (unugyada jab xiriiraya la receptors xasaasi ah oo kala duwan in ay qaab-dhismeedka) postsynaptic.

dhexdhexaadiyayaal synapse

Dhexdhexaadiyuhu (ka Media Laatiin ah - gudbiye, dhexdhexaadiye ama dhexe). dhexdhexaadiyayaal noocan oo kale ah synapse aad u muhiim ah in gudbinta Suu dareemayaasha.

Farqiga Morphological of synapses inhibitory iyo excitatory waa in iyaga oo aan haysan farsamo sii daayo neurotransmitter ah. Dhexdhexaadiyuhu ee synapses inhibitory, iyo neuron kale motor synapses inhibitory waxaa loo arkaa glycine amino acid ah. Laakiin jejebiyey ama nooca xiiso of synapse aan la go'aamiyo dhexdhexaadiyayaal ay, iyo hantida xuub postsynaptic. Tusaale ahaan, acetylcholine siinayo saamayn kobcinaya ee boosteejada synapse muruqyada (dareemayaasha vagus ee myocardium ah).

Acetylcholine waa neurotransmitter ee neurotransmission ku cholinergic excitatory (xuub presynaptic waxaa ciyaaray dhamaadka neuron motor laf dhabarta), in synapse ku unugyada Renshaw galay terminal ka presynaptic, qanjidhada dhididka, nadpochenikov medulla ee xiidmaha iyo synapse in ganglia of habdhiska u dabacsanaadaan. Atsetilholi-nesterazu iyo acetylcholine sidoo kale laga helay jajabka ah oo ka mid ah qaybaha kala duwan ee maskaxda, mararka qaarkood tiro badan, laakiin aan ahayn synapse ku cholinergic on unugyada Renshaw aan weli la tilmaami karo synapses cholinergic haray. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, shaqo acetylcholine dhexdhexaadiye xiiso leh in habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha waa mid aad u badan tahay.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine iyo epinephrine) waxaa loo tixgeliyaa in dhexaadiyayaasha adrenergic. Epinephrine iyo norepinephrine yihiin dhexsameeysmo dhamaystirka dareemaha dabacsanaadaan maskaxda cell adrenal ah, maskaxda iyo xangulada. acids amino (tyrosine iyo L-phenylalanine) sida walax-upka iyo Avv adrenaline wax soo saarka final. walax Dhexe, oo ay ku jiraan norepinephrine iyo dopamine, sidoo kale qabtaan shaqo ee neurotransmitters in synapse ah, u abuuray in ay dhammaato ee dareemayaasha dabacsanaadaan. function Tani waxay noqon kartaa mid jejebiyey ah (qanjirka caloosha secretory, dhowr sphincters iyo muruqyada siman bronki, iyo xiidmaha) ama excitatory (sphincters muruqa siman iyo xididdada dhiigga qaarkood, synapse myocardial - norepinephrine, in podkrovnyh nuclei cerebral - dopamine).

Marka ay shaqada neurotransmitters synapse, catecholamine nuugo dhammaaneysa dareemayaasha presynaptic, iyo gaadiidka transmembrane waxaa ka mid ahaa. Intii lagu guda jiray dhex dhexaadinta nuugista synapses laga badbaadiyo yaraadan dhicis ka badan hawlgalka dheer oo siman.

Synapse: noocyada aasaasiga ah iyo hawlaha

Langley ee 1892, waxaa la soo jeediyay in la isugu gudbiyo synaptic in ganglia ku autonomic of nuujiya ma aha nooca koronto, iyo kiimikada. 10 sano ka dib, Elliott la ogaaday in adrenaline ka qanjidhada adrenal ka saamaynta la mid ah sida kicinta ee dareemayaasha dabacsanaadaan helay.

Intaas ka dib maleeyey in adrenaline awood ku qarisay by neurons dul excitation oo sii daayay by dhammaaneysa dareemaha ah. Laakiin in 1921, iyo Laawi sameeyey aragnimada, taas oo la aasaasay dabiiciga ah ee gudbinta kiimikada ee synapses ka mid ah wadnaha daaqsinka iyo dareemayaasha vagus. Waxa uu ka buuxsamay weelashii wadnaha rihii la biyaha cusbada iyo dhiiri dareemaha vagus, abuurista wadnaha oo gaabiya. Marka dareere ah waxaa lagu soo wareejiyay kicinta wadnaha ku xanniban tahey nestimulirovanoe wadnaha si tartiib ah ku garaacday. Waxaa cad, kicinta ee dareemaha vagus sababay sii daayo xakamaynayay wakiilka in xal. Acetylcholine si buuxda u soo saari saamaynta walax this. In 1930, doorka acetylcholine in gudbinta synaptic in ganglia of habdhiska ku autonomic si joogto ah rakibay Feldberg iyo shaqaalaha.

synapse kiimikada

synapse kiimikada aasaas ahaan waa gudbinta cuncun kala duwan iyadoo la kaashanayo dhexdhexaadiye la presinapsa on postsinaps. Sidaa darteed, Gudbey in fataahadda ee synapse kiimikada. synapse kiimikada wuxuu ku badanyahay ee laf habdhiska dhimirka. Waxaa hadda la og yahay in neuron waa inay awoodaan inay ka jaraan oo synthesize labo ka mid ah dhexdhexaadiyayaal (dhexdhexaadiyayaal coexisting). Neurons sidoo kale plasticity neurotransmitter - awood u leh inay beddesho dhexdhexaadiye waaweyn inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta.

synapse-wadeyaasha

synapse Tani gudbiya excitation, laakiin xiriirka this noocyo kala duwan oo arrimo jebin kartaa. kala iibsiga dhamaado inta lagu jiro ejection go'doominta in acetylcholine ee synaptic dillaacii, sidoo kale inta uu hayo in ka badan aagga of xuub postsynaptic. hannaanka A of sun iyo daawooyin saameyn ku qabsaday, wax soo saarka taas oo ku xidhan yahay acetylcholine receptors of xuub postsynaptic, halka blocks synapse muruqa gudbinta excitation. shaqeeyo dhinto inta lagu guda jiro ku dhegto iyo joojin neefta oo muruqyada.

Botulism - sun microbial in synapse ah, waxaa blocks gudbinta excitation, burburaan galay syntaxin protein terminal ka presynaptic, la dhalidda ee acetylcholine ee synaptic dillaacay. dagaal Dhowr walxaha sunta ah wakiilada hal pharmacologic (methylsulfate neostigmine iyo neostigmine), iyo sidoo kale cayayaanka xannibi tabinta of excitation in synapse ee muruqyada isticmaalaya daawaca acetylcholinesterase - Insaymkaas ah in jabo acetylcholine. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jira raasamaal ah ee acetylcholine aagga xuub synaptic hoos u nuglaan dhexdhexaadiyaha, Waxaa la sameeyey xuubka postsynaptic, immersion in unit receptor ka cytosol. Acetylcholine waa natiijo la'aan, iyo synapse ay xiran tahay.

Synapse dareemayaasha: Tilmaamo iyo qaybaha

Synapse - dhibcood la xidhiidha xidhiidhka u dhexeeya laba unugyada. Oo mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah been ay xuub electrogenic. synapse habdhiska wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex waaxood oo waaweyn: xuub postsynaptic ah, dillaacii synaptic iyo xuub presynaptic. xuub Postsynaptic - dhammaaneysa dareemaha ah, taas oo Ballaariyay in muruq iyo hoos u galay unugyada muruqa. In meesha oo ka mid ah kiishka presynaptic waa - saabka xidhan la dhexdhexaadiye. Waxay had iyo jeer waa in mooshin.

-Dhowaaday xuub ee dhammaato dareemayaasha, kiishka ku milmaan la, iyo dhexdhexaadiyaha dhacaa dillaacii synaptic. In mid ka mid vesicle neurotransmitter galmada waxa ku jira mitochondria iyo (waxay lagama maarmaan u ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee neurotransmitter yihiin - ilaha tamarta hoose), acetylcholine dheeraad ah uu ku dhexsameeysmo ka choline iyo sarkhaansan eulayska atsetilholintransferrazy baaraandegi galay atsetilSoA).

dillaacii synaptic ka mid ah xuubka kadib iyo presynaptic

In size kala duwan synapses of farqiga u kala duwan tahay. Meeshan waxaa ka buuxsamay dheecaan interstitial, taas oo ay jirto dhexdhexaadiye. xuub Postsynaptic daboolayaa meeshii xiriir la dhammaaneysa dareemayaasha ee synapse mionevralnom gacanta innervated ah. In synapses qaarkood in xuub postsynaptic abuuraa laab aagga xiriirka sii kordhaya.

walxaha dheeraad ah waxaa ka mid ahaa in xuub postsynaptic

In aagga of xuub postsynaptic ku jira waxyaabaha soo socda:

- receptor (receptor acetylcholine in synapse mionevralnom).

- Lipoprotein (ayaa isku mid ah sare acetylcholine). protein Tani dhamaadka electrophilic joogo iyo madaxa ra'iyi. Head galaa dillaacii synaptic, isdhexgal la madaxa cationic acetylcholine. Sababtoo ah ee dhexgalka tani waa isbeddel ku depolarization u xuub postsynaptic markaas dhacdaa, oo shaaca laga yaabo tiirsan Na-channels. Depolarization of xuub looma tixgeliyo sida habka is-xoojinta ah;

- Gradualen ay iman kara on xuub postsynaptic ku xiran tahay tirada dhexaadiyayaasha, in waxa lagu gartaa iman kara hantida excitations deegaanka.

- Cholinesterase - arkaa in ay protein ah taas oo uu leeyahay shaqo enzymatic ah. Sida laga soo xigtay qaabka waxa ay la mid tahay receptor choline iyo leeyihiin guryaha la mid ah la acetylcholine. Cholinesterase jabo acetylcholine, mid ugu horeysay oo la xidhiidha receptors cholinergic. Under tallaabada ee receptor acetylcholine saaraysaa esterase acetylcholine sameeyay repolarization of xuub postsynaptic. Acetylcholine dhegay inay choline iyo acetic acid lagama maarmaanka u ah trophism unugyada muruqa.

Iyadoo gaadiidka oo ansax ah waxaa soo bandhigay choline u xuub presynaptic, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in synthesize neurotransmitter cusub. Under saameynta ay isbedelada neurotransmitter in permeability ee xuub postsynaptic, iyo dareenka cholinesterase iyo permeability celinta qiimaha bilowga ah. Chemoreceptors ay awoodaan in ay la macaamilaan ee dhex dhexaadinta cusub.