Sociologist American Samuel Huntington: Biography, shuqullada waaweyn. Kulanka ilbaxnimooyinka

Sociology iyo Cilmiga Siyaasadda ee si cad u ma iska leh category ee cilmiga saxda ah. Waa ay adag tahay in la helo jagooyinka in ay leeyihiin xaaladda runta kama taagna. The dood saynisyahano badan la ixtiraamo oo leh takhasuska ah u muuqdaan kuwo aan la taaban karin iyo nolosha dhabta ah, ku furay "nin yar." Laakiin waxaa jira aragti ah, taas oo la aasaasay oo ku saleysan siyaasada gudaha iyo midda dibadda ee dalalka shaqsi iyo bulshada caalamka ee caalamka. Taasi waa sababta ay khuseeyaan. Samuel Huntington - ayaadse American, sociologist iyo saynisyahan siyaasadeed - author of tiro ka mid ah aragtiyaha. buugaagta uu inta badan ku jira fikirro in u muuqday mid aad u xagjirka ah ee ugu horeysay, ka dibna waxay bixisaa faallo hadaf ku saabsan waxa dhacaya.

Carruurnimada iyo qaangaarka

Waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada New York ee guga ee 1927, hawlaha suugaanta qoys ee. Aabbihiis - Richard Thomas Huntington - ahaa wariye, hooyo - Dorothy Sanborn Phillips - qoraa, oo uu awoowe hooyada - Dzhon Fillips - publisher yaqaan. Doorashada xirfad la xiriira waxqabadka aqooneed ee ay u muuqataa si dabiici ah. Semyuel Fillips Huntington ahaa bedelka mid istaahila in la dhaqan qoyska qoraal wadar ahaan 17 buugaagta iyo in ka badan 90 articles sayniska asaasay.

Standard qoysaska in heerka iyo meelaha u muuqdaan in ay la soo xulay waxbarashada Sam. Ugu horrayn tani waxay College "Dhal The" (Dugsiga Sare ee Stuyvesant) ee New York, ka dibna koorso shahaadada koowaad ee Yale (University Yale) ee New Haven - 1946, ka dibna garsooraha ah oo cilmiga siyaasadda ka dhiga University of Chicago (1948) iyo, ugu dambeyntii, Harvard, halkaas Samuel Huntington ee 1951 ka helay heerka uu dhakhtarka ka mid ah falsafad iyo cilmiga siyaasadda.

Maxay ahayd aan caadi ahayn waxay ahayd oo kaliya in uu si guul ah isaga addoonsada manhajka jaamacadaha muddo badan gaaban badan sida caadiga ah. Tan iyo markii lagu qoro Yale at 16 jir, waxba ma uu qalin muddo afar sano ah, oo 2.5 ah. fasax A ee cilmiga uu ahaa adeeg muddo gaaban ah ee ciidamada Mareykanka ee 1946, ka hor intaadan gelin magistracy ah.

Professor iyo Consultant

Markay helaan shahaado, ayuu u tegey in ay ka shaqeeyaan sidii macallinka in uu Mater Alma - Harvard. Waxaa uu googo'an shaqeeyey muddo ku dhow nus qarni ah - ilaa 2007. Kaliya ka 1959 si ay u 1962, wuxuu qaatay Agaasime Ku-xigeenka ee machadka Nabadda iyo Colaadda Warbixinta ee jaamacad kale oo American caanka - Columbia.

Waxaan ku jiray waqti uu nolosha marka uu xiriir dhow la leh siyaasiyiinta heer sare ah hadda. In 1968, wuxuu ahaa la taliye ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee musharaxa madaxweynaha Hubert Humphrey, iyo 1977 si ay u 1978, Samuel Huntington shaqeeyay maamulka Madaxweyne Jimmy Carter ayaa sida focal point qorshaynta ee Golaha Ammaanka Qaranka. Isaga oo opinion waxaa dhegaysta dhegaystay taliyayaashii iyo xoghayayaasha of state badan, iyo Genri Kissindzher iyo Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington tixgeliyo saaxiib shakhsi.

qoraa, mudda

wakhtiga oo dhan oo bilaash ah waxbarashada iyo hawlaha guud, wuxuu u huray in qoraal ahaan buugaagta. Waxay waxaa ka buuxsantay falanqayn siyaasadda ee hadda gudaha iyo dibadda ee wadamada horseedka u ah dunida iyo saadaasha horumarka labada geedi socodka gudaha iyo debeddaba. Asalnimada fikirka, erudition weyn iyo tayada qofka sare wuxuu kasbaday sharafta iyo ixtiraamka ka mid ah asxaabta. Tilmaan of this ahaa xaqiiqada ah in cilmiga siyaasadda iyo sociologists keentay US isaga loo doortay madaxtinimada ee Ururka American ee Cilmiga Siyaasadda.

In 1979, waxa uu aasaasay majaladda "Foreign Policy» (Foreign Policy), kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah publications ugu ixtiraamo berrinkii xiriirka caalamiga noqday. Waxa uu si weli maanta, taasoo ka dhigeysa soo baxa afka ah, oo ay ku jiraan daabacaadda sannadlaha ah "Caalamiyeynta Index" iyo "dawlado khasaaray Rating."

Book, abuuro magac

Buuggu wuxuu marka hore, kaas oo abuuray sumcad Huntington sida fekeraya asal ah iyo aqoonyahan maskax leh, ayaa noqday mid la daabacay 1957 shaqo "Soldier iyo Gobolka. Aragtida iyo Politics of Relations Civil-Military. " In waxa, ayuu wuxuu imtixaamay dhibaatada dadweynaha wax ku ool ah, maamul shacbiya lagu xakameeyo badan ciidamada qalabka sida.

Huntington lafaguraa xaaladda moral oo bulshada ka mid ah oo madani ah, oo uu ku bartay waayo-aragnimo taariikh military ee la soo dhaafay - dunida ugu horeysay - tan iyo qarnigii XVII ah, ka dibna mid ka mid ah oo la helay in koorsada ee dagaalada hubaysan ee gayiga Maraykanka iyo dibadda, halka ay u soo dirto American Expeditionary Ciidanka. Buuggu wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqataa xaaladda markaas siyaasadeed bilowgii Dagaalkii Qaboobaa. gabagabeeyo saynisyahan ah: control wax ku ool ah ka gaareen ciidamada by bulshada waa in lagu saleeyaa ay qabtaan xirfadlaydu, on korodhka full of xaaladda dadka nolosha u huray in adeegga ciidanka.

Like publications kale oo badan, kitaabkan sababay dood kulul, laakiin ugu dhakhsaha badan oo fikrado ay ahaayeen ku salaysan dib u habaynta ciidamada ee dalka ka socda.

"Order Siyaasadda ee Beddelidda Societies" (1968)

In daraasaddan, inuu cilmiga siyaasadda American ayaaba falanqeyn faahfaahsan ee xaaladda ka jirta caalamka marka la gaaro oo ka mid ah 60-mada ay qarnigii XX dhaqan-siyaasadeed. Waxaa lagu gartaa, iyo waxyaabo kale, bixitaanka bulshada ka mid ah dalalka, inta badan ka degaanadii hore, out-of-control metropolises oo Doorto waddo horumarka la tixraacayo ee iska hor imaad caalamka fikirka nidaamyada, kuwaas oo hoggaamiye ahaa Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka. xaaladda Tani waxay keentay in ay soo bixitaanka of ereyga "Third World".

Buugani waxa hadda loo classic ah siyaasadda is barbardhig. Oo markii la hoos geliyey in ay dhaleeceyn aad u daran oo ay apologists oo ka mid ah ka dibna caansan ka mid ah cilmiga siyaasadda aragti casriyeynta Western. Huntington in uu buugga xeedhada, aragtida this, iyada oo muujinaysa sida isku day arinku ku faafi karo dalalka soo koraya ee horumarinta dimuqraadiyadda iyada oo kor u qaadida views horusocod ah.

"Wave Saddexaad: Dimuqraadiyeynta goor dambe oo qarnigii XX" (1991)

Inta badan kitaabka qaadataa waxbarasho ee nooca caalamiga ah ee mooshinka sinusoidal geedi socodka dalalka noocyo dimuqraadi ah ee dawladda. Ka dib markii u qaadeen dhaqdhaqaaqa sida (Huntington tirin saddex hirarka: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) waa in hoos (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

Ra'yiga saynisyahan American waxay ku salaysan tahay fikrado soo socda:

• Dimuqraadiyeynta - waa habka caalamiga ah la isbeddellada guud iyo xaalado gaar ah.
• Democracy ayaa qof ee is-kacaya in uusan haysan ujeedada waaqiciga ah.
• kala duwan ee noocyada si dimuqraadi ah.
• Dimuqraadiyeynta kuma dhammaanayo dhamaadka qarnigii XX, Kanoqo suurto galka ah ee dalalka qaar ka mid ah iyo bilawga qarnigii soo socda, ruxruxo 4aad.

Aragti ilbaxnimooyinka

Buuga "Kulanka The ilbaxnimooyinka" (1993) sameeyey magac for Huntington ee caanka ah aduunka oo dhan, oo wacaya la dacwad gaar ah kulul, oo soo socda inuu xadka Mareykanka. Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, qarnigii XXI soo socda lagu ogaanayo si dunida noqon doona xidhiidhka ka dhaqamada iyo ilbaxnimooyinka kala duwan la sameeyey by luqad guud iyo hab-nololeedka ah.

Waxa intaa dheer in ilbaxnimada reer galbeedka, Huntington leedahay sideed qaababka sida: ka Slavic-Orthodox, madax u ah Ruushka, Japan, Buddhist, Hindu, Latin American, Afrika, Sinskaya (Chinese) iyo ilbaxnimada Islaamka. Xuduudaha oo ka mid ah qaababka saynisyahan ayaa loo xil saaray doorka khadadka ugu muhiimsan ee isku dhaca mustaqbalka.

Dhibaatada sida muran doodda

Isagoo sii daayay saddex sano ka dib buugga "Kulanka The ilbaxnimooyinka iyo habeynta amarka dunida", qoraaga sara kiciyey xitaa sare xoogga doodda ku saabsan sida ay aragti. Dhacdadii naxdinta lahayd ee September 11, 2001 dad badan, gaar ahaan Maraykanka, ayaa arkay xaqiijin dheeraad ah oo sax ah ee saadaalinta ah falanqeeye siyaasadeed oo caan ah, shakhsiyaynta bilaabay hor imaad ilbaxnimooyinka kala duwan.

Iyadoo saynisyahano badan oo siyaasadeed wargeliyo ku saabsan habdhaqanka xun in aragtida ah ee Huntington by wareegyada tacliinta US, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ka dib markii ay weerar, Ulasocto dhigyo Islamic in loo nadiifiyo dhamaan aduunka oo dhan, "aragtida ah ilbaxnimooyinka" si buuxda u qaaday by wareegyada xukun Maraykanka.

Nin qoyska Happy

Man muujiyay in bogagga buugaagta uu, mararka qaarkood aad u xooggan oo ogaa sida ay joogto iyo adamantly difaacaan ay opinion in doodaha guud, Samuel Huntington nolol maalmeedka ahaa mid aad u suubban iyo isku dheeli tiran. Waxa uu ku noolaa muddo ka badan nus qarni ah, naagtiisa, Nancy, kiciyey laba wiil iyo afar ay ayeeyo u leh.

shaqada ugu danbeysay ee weyn ee cilmiga ah wuxuu arkay iftiinkii 2004. In buugga "Yaa nahay? The Caqabadaha in America ee National Aqoonsiga", ayuu lafaguraa asalka iyo sifooyinka of fikradda iyo isku dayo in la saadaaliyo waxa caqabadaha sugi aqoonsiga qaranka ee Mareykanka mustaqbalka.

Sanadkii 2007, Huntington ayaa lagu qasbay in ay ku dhameysan uu professorship at Harvard ee sii daraysa ee caafimaadka ay sabab u tahay dhibaatooyinka of diabetes mellitus. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey miiska uu ilaa maalinta ugu danbeyso, ilaa iyo dhamaadka December 2008, waa la ag maray magaalada Martha ee Beerta Canabka ee Massachusetts.

In uu nolosha dunida dhibic ayaa laga dhigay, laakiin doodda ee ay buugaagta uu adduunka oo dhan, oo aan ku baxayn iska muddo aad u dheer.