Organic ama macdanta xarunta. Qoondaynta xeryahooda organic

Maandooriyaha oo ka kooban laba ama in ka badan qaybaha, waa xarunta adag organic ama ka imanba. Iyada oo ku xidhan accessories ah waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa dabeecadihiisa, halabuurka iyo tilmaamayaasha kale. The xeryahooda kiimikada soo bandhigaan in deegaanka ee u tiro badan. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin saameyn ah ku yeelan, iyo qaar ka mid ah - saamayn xun ku noolaha. xeryahooda macdanta waa la joogo ee dabiiciga ah imanba. Waxaa ka mid ah, gaar ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah baaruud, graphite, ciid iyo kale. Waxaa jira dhowr muuqaalada, oo waxaa lagu qeexaa by xarunta ah organic ama macdanta.

macluumaadka taariikhiga ah

Erayga "xarunta organic" ayaa u muuqday in marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta cilmiga kiimikada. class Tan waxaa ku jira walxaha taas oo ay joogaan ee halabuurka ah ee carbon (marka laga reebo cyanides carbonic acid, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). Waqti uu ku badan aragti vitalistic, sii xeerkii Aristotle iyo Pliny the Elder on horyaalka dunida oo dhan on walax iyo walxaha nool soocay ku xiran taas oo boqortooyada ay iska leeyihiin, xoolaha iyo khudradda ama macdanta. Intaa waxaa dheer, sidaas ayaa loo arkaa in ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee ugu horeeyay ee loo baahan yahay ee gaarka ah "xoog nolosha." Marka tan la eego, ka diyaariyey walax organic imanba , waxay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, malo waxaa loo diiday in 1828 by Wohler. Waxa uu ku dhexsameeysmo jirka cyanate ammonium imanba HOL organic. Ayaa sheegay in isa-soociddiisa, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa la ilaaliyay in eraybixinta ee wakhtiga la joogo. By waxa shuruudaha lagu go'aamiyaa xarunta ah organic ama macdanta? About this dambe ee maqaalka.

Guudmarka

fasalka ugu ballaaran xeryahooda organic waxaa loo arkaa maanta. Oo kuwaas waxaa hadda jira in ka badan toban million. cayncayn ah noocan oo kale ah waxaa keena si ay u sameeyaan hantida gaar ah oo silsilad eb carbon ah. Tani, markeeda, waxaa sabab u ah xasiloonida ee isgaarsiinta. silsilad Carbon-carbon laga yaabaa in hal ama dhowr ah - xaafuun, double. By kordhaya kordhay badnaanta iyo tamarta (xasiloonida) la xidhiidha, iyo dhererka, qeybsanaan ku xigeenka, waa la dhimay. Sababo la valency sare ee carbon ah iyo suurtagalnimada of kala duwan dhismeedka aragti foomka sameeyey silsilado sida (saddex-geesood ah, guri, toosan). Macdanta nooc gudbiyo xeryahooda helay ee dabiiciga ah. Waxyaabahani waxay leedahay Halabuurka gaar ah iyo qaab-dhismeedka, astaamaha jirka. Qaab-dhismeedka guud ee nooca la mid ah sida walxaha imanba. Halabuurka The kala duwanaan karaan ilaa xad. feature A xeryahooda waa macdanta dabiiciga ah iyo nidaamka saxda ah ee atamka ka. Fundamentals of Taxonomy of walxahan waxay la dhigay in 1814 by Berzelius.

Qaab dhismeedka sida mid ka mid ah qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee lagu garan walxaha

Ay leeyihiin nooc kasta oo kale oo ka mid ah qaybaha loo qeexay samaynta. Maandooriyaha - waa xarunta ah organic ama macdanta isagoo qaab gaar ah oo ka kooban. Kooxaha waaweyn ee xeryahooda ka soo jeedo noolaha ka mid ah borotiinada, carbohydrates, subaga. Ka mid ah fasalka this of acids nucleic advantageously ku jira ka sokow carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, fosfooraska, baaruud, ogsijiin. xubno Kuwani waa qayb ka mid ah xeryahooda organic 'classical' sida aasaasiga ah sida caadiga ah. Sayidka walaxda ka kooban waxaa laga yaabaa kala duwan oo ka mid ah qaybaha. Sayidka, feature ugu muhiimsan, sida ay sheegtay wixii la goostay ayaa walax wakiil - xarunta ah organic ama macdanta - waxa ay joogtaa Halabuurka carbon iyo waxyaabaha asaasiga ah kor ku xusan.

Fikradda ah xeryahooda macdanta loo baran karaa iyadoo loo fiirinaayo noocyo kala duwan oo walxaha dabiiciga ah - garnets. Waxay leeyihiin astaamaha kala duwan. Waxay ku xiran tahay sideeda, in kasta oo isbedel ah oo qaab-dhismeedka isku mid. Waxaad oran kartaa oo kaliya oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha ee jagooyinka atamka gaar ah oo ah number-spacings.

Qoondaynta xeryahooda organic

Si aad u taariikhda, waydaarsanayeen IUPAC loo isticmaalo. Qoondaynta xeryahooda organic sida nidaamka this lagu dhisay on mabda 'muhiim ah. Iyadoo la tixraacayo sifooyinka oo ah walaxda in qiyaas ugu horeysay waxaa go'aamiya laba qodob oo waaweyn. First - lafaha ah carbon (dhismeedka xeryahooda organic), iyo labaad - kooxaha ay functional. Iyadoo la tixraacayo dabiiciga ah ee qaab dhismeedka of arrinta kala xilliile iyo acyclic. Arintaan, markeeda, waxaa ka mid ah roodhida iyo yareysey. Kooxdu waxay xeryahooda xilliile waa carbocyclic iyo heterocyclic. Qaar ka mid ah xeryahooda organic ah formula:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - copolymer ethyl.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - jėrto.

falanqaynta dhismaha

Maanta, kiimiko ah organic waxaa lagu gartaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab kala duwan. Waxaa loo arkaa inta badan sax ah falanqaynta X-ray (crystallography). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkan u baahan size crystal tayo sare ah loo baahan yahay si loo gaaro xal sare. Marka tan la eego, crystallography loo isticmaalo si joogta ah ka yar. falanqaynta aasaaska ah waa hab burbur taas oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa go'aan ka taranta of content ka mid ah qaybaha in Britain ay. Si ay u caddeeyaan maqan yahay ama joogitaanka kooxaha functional si gaar ah waxaa laga dalbadaa spectroscopy infrared. spectrometry Mass waa go'aan ah oo miisaankiisu kelli walxaha iyo hababka kala qaybsanaanta.

The guryaha kiimikada xeryahooda organic. acids carboxylic

nolosha aadanaha waxaa aad ula xiriira walxaha kuwan. magacyo badan oo loo yaqaan sida acetic, formic, qaarna. xeryahooda waxaa loo isticmaalaa in soo saaridda ee medicaments (acetylsalicylic acid), warshadaha cuntada iyo sidoo kale saabuunta iyo saabuunta dharka dardaro. xeryahooda qaarkood soo saaray by cayayaanka (nooli, tusaale ahaan) oo aad u adeegtaan, oo macneheedu yahay ilaalinta. Kordhinta heer gacanta habka lagmamaarmaanna la xidhiidha pyruvic acid iyo oxidized markii walxaha badan cabaar galay jidhka bini'aadamka, aasaasay acetic acid ama jėrto. In ka fiirsaneysa inay qaab dhismeedka kooxda carboxyl waa in la ogaado ay joogaan in laab C = bond O ah. Marka tan la eego, waa in loo gudbiyo kooxaha functional roodhida. Intaa waxaa dheer, walxaha la joogo in qaab-dhismeedka bond O-H ah - eb ah hydrogen mobile. guryaha Common xeryahooda, kuwaas oo lagu arkay stearic, acetic, looxa acid iyo formic acid isku daraa ma aha oo kaliya acids astaamaha asaasiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale aldehydes. Iyadoo ku xiran kaas oo kooxda xagjirka ah si a carboxyl, kala saaro leedahay beduliyum, roodhida, cokan oo kale walxaha. Iyadoo la tixraacayo tirada kooxaha ee Britain waa dibasic go'doon, monobasic iyo kuwa kale. Marka la fiirinayo sifooyinka qalabka qaar ka mid ah la soco karo egyihiin qaar ka mid ah acids imanba iyo organic. Tusaale ahaan, labada walxaha awood ficil leh biraha, saldhigyada.

Consort leedahay beduliyum

Kuwani xeryahooda organic kuwaas oo la joogo in ka kooban of hydrogen, carbon, iyo xuduntii benzene ah. The wakiillo ugu muhiimsan iyo "classical" of kooxdan yihiin benzene (I) iyo homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Waxaa jira Consort leedahay beduliyum siddo badan benzene. Waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, eegaya formula ah oo, mid ka mid fudud u fahmi karaan sida walax this - organic ama macdanta xarunta. Isha ugu weyn ee xabakta saarka dhuxusha coking waxaa loo isticmaalaa. Tusaale ahaan, tan ah ee daamurka dhuxusha helay in celcelis ahaan kiilo iyo badh of toluene, 3.5 kg ee benzene, naphthalene laba kiilo.

astaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee Consort leedahay beduliyum

Sida laga soo xigtay guryaha kiimikada ay Consort leedahay beduliyum kala duwan ka xeryahooda Ester roodhida alicyclic. Marka tan la eego la go'aamiyo koox gaar ah iyaga. Under saameynta ay acid nitric, sulfuric acid, halides iyo reactant kale ee Consort leedahay beduliyum, waxaa jira bedelka of atamka hydrogen. Natiijadu waxay tahay acid ah sulfonic, iyo galogenobenzoly kale. walxaha Kuwan oo dhammu waa intermediates loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee formaldehyde, daawooyinka.

alkanes

Kooxdaan walxaha adag, oo ay ku jiraan xeryahooda firfircoon ugu yaraan. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah jooga dalka-C H iyo C-C waa hal. Tani waxay keenaysaa in awood la'aanta alkanes in ay ka qayb reactions intaa dheer. Koloriin oo ka mid ah walxaha adag laga bilaabo propane, eb chlorine 1aad bedeli kartaa atamka hydrogen way kala duwan yihiin. jihada ee habkan ku xirnaan doontaa xoogga bond C-H. Tabardaran silsiladda, bedelka dhakhso eb gaar ah. Marka tan la eego, aasaasiga ah sida caadiga ah waxay leeyihiin xoog sare, dugsiyada sare, jaamacadaha, iwm deggan

Ka qaybqaado reactions

falcelin kala duwan ee keeni kara in in ka mid ah waxyaabaha suurto gal tahay in lagu heysatay by mid ka mid ah oo kaliya. At heerkul ah 25 digrii koloriin circuit sare meel afar iyo jeer badh ka dhaqso badan aasaasiga ah ee. fluorination ee alkanes la socodka sare, inta badan xawaaraha qarxa. Tani waxay soo saartaa waxyaabaha kala duwan laga bilaabo poliftorproizvodnye. tamarta kaas oo la sii daayay inta lagu guda jiro dareen-dheer yahay in xaaladaha qaarkood xanaajiyeen daatay galay taagoo saarka xag. Sidaas darteed, soo heerka reaction gebiyo kordho, taas oo horseedaysa in ay qaraxyo xataa marka heerkulku hooseeyo si caddaalad ah. feature A of fluorination ee alkanes waa wax macquul ah ee burburinta atamka fluorine of lafaha carbon iyo formation of CF4 ah - alaabta final.