Magdhaw: waa maxay kani? hababka dayactir DNA

Magdhaw - hantida gacanta ku nool a in la noocyo kala duwan oo dhaawac DNA ka qabtaan. In dunida ka baxsan waxaa jira waxyaabo badan oo keeni kara isbedel karin in noolaha. Si aad u ilaashadaan daacadnimada, si looga fogaado in Isbedelo bahal ah oo aan waafaqsanayn nolosha, waa inuu jiraa nidaam is-kabashada. Sida ay ku xad daacadnimada ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo ee gacanta? Ka fiirso su'aashan si faahfaahsan. Sidoo kale, aad u ogaato waxa jira habab dayactir jidhka iyo sida ay u shaqeeyaan.

Aan caadi ahayn ee DNA ah

Britain acid Deoxyribonucleic waa jabi karayaa in koorsada of biosynthesis iyo sidoo kale sarkhaansan yihiin waxyaabo waxyeello. arrimaha negative ka mid ah, gaar ahaan, waxaa ka mid ah heerkulka ama xoogga jirka ee asal ahaan kala duwan. Haddii jabka dhacay, habka cell magdhaw bilowdo. Sayidka bilaabmaa soo celinta dhismaha asalka ah ee Britain ayaa DNA ah. Waayo, magdhaw la kulmi kaxeynayo enzyme gaar ah in ay joogaan unugyada gudahood. Tan iyo awood la'aanta unugyada shaqsi si ay u fuliyaan cudurka kabashada la xidhiidha qaar ka mid ah. saynis ah in daraasad habka dayactirka, - waa bayoolaji. Muddo anshaxa fuliyay wax badan oo baaritaano iyo tijaabo, taas oo ay sabab u tahay waxa uu noqonayaa mid si sahlan loo fahmi geedi socodka dib u soo kabashada. Waa in la ogaadaa in habab dayactirka DNA waa mid aad u xiiso, sida taariikhda helitaanka iyo daraasadda of this ifafaale. Waa maxay waxyaabaha ay gacan bilowgii dib u soo kabashada? Si aad u bilowdo geeddi-socodka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in stimulator DNA saameeyeen dayactir nudaha. waa maxay, oo dheeraad ah ee hoose waxay sharxaysaa.

History of daahfurka

Tani waxay ifafaale la yaab bilaabay barashada cilmiga American Kellner. daahfurka ugu horeeya ee weyn Safar ah waxaa ka mid ah dayactir sahaminta waxa uu noqday sida ugub ah sida photoreactivation. Kabalyeeri Ereygan waxa loo yaqaan dhibaato saamayn hoos jaho UV iyo post-daweeyey gacanta ku dhaawacmeen dhalaalaya durdur iftiinka shucaaca spectrum arki karo.

"Recovery Light"

Later daraasaad Kellner helay la sii wado macquul ah in shuqullada bayoolajiga American Setlou, Rupert iyo dadka kale qaar ka mid ah. Thanks to shaqo ee kooxdan oo ah cilmibaadhe ayaa lagu kalsoonaan karo in photoreactivation waa nidaam la bilaabay walax gaar ah - Insaymkaas ah in catalyzes cholesterol ee dimers thaymiin. Waxaa kuwaasina waa kuwa, sida ay u soo baxay, la sameeyey ee koorsada of tijaabo hoostiisa iftiinka ultraviolet. Sayidka ah iftiin muuqda dhalaalaya tallaabo of eulayska, oo dalacsiiyay cholesterol of dimers iyo soo celinta xaaladda asalka ah ee unugyada waxyeelo bilaabay. Xaaladdan oo kale waxaan ka hadleynaa kala duwan iftiinka dayactir DNA. Waxaan u qeexo si cad. Waxaan dhihi karaa in dayactir, iftiin - waa soo celinta asalka ah ileys ka dib qaab dhismeedka of dhaawac DNA. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, habkan ma aha oo kaliya in ay ka qeyb tirtiridda dhaawac.

"Dark" kabashada

Qaar ka mid ah waqti ka dib markii furitaanka iftiinka la ogaado dayactir madow. Tani waxay ifafaale waxay dhacdaa iyada oo aan wax saameyn ah rays iftiinka spectrum ee la arki karo. adkeysiga Tani waxaa laga helay inta lagu guda jiro daraasadda dareen bakteeriyada qaarkood in ay ultraviolet rays iyo shucaaca ionizing. DNA dayactir Dark - kartida unugyada in meesha laga saaro wixii isbeddel ah pathogenic deoxyribonucleic acid. Laakiin waa in la sheegay in tani ma aha habka a photochemical, in la barbardhigo kabashada iftiinka.

hab ah "madow" Nadiifinta Burburka

Kormeerka bakteeriyada muujisay in ka dib markii waqti cayiman ka dib markii u shaqeeyo hal-unuglaha helay qayb ka mid ah ultraviolet ah, taasoo keentay in qeybo ka mid ah DNA ayaa burburay, gacanta dejisa geedi socodka gudaha si gaar ah. Sidaas darteed, DNA modified si fudud waa gabal gooyay silsilad caadi ah. The keentay dib-u-buuxin ka dhimman ee wax acids amino lagama maarmaanka ah. In si kale loo dhigo, waxa ay qaadeen resynthesis ee DNA. Furitaanka of saynisyahano waxaas oo kale unugyada dayactirka sida mugdiga ah - taasi waa tallaabo kale ee sahaminta kartida daafac cajiib ah oo ka mid ah xayawaanka iyo aadanaha.

Sidee nidaamka dayactirka

Tijaabo ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in farsamooyinka soo kabashada iyo jiritaanka aad u awood this, ayaa la sameeyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo noolaha hal-unuglaha. Laakiin geedi socodka samaynta yihiin asalka ah ee unugyada xayawaanka iyo bini'aadanka oo nool. Dadka qaar ay dhibaatadu ka pigmentosum xeroderma. Cudurkaan waxaa keena la'aanta ah ee awoodda unugyada resynthesize waxyeello DNA. Xeroderma dhaxlay. waa waxa nidaamka dayactirka? Afar enzyme, oo xajiya, habka dayactirka - a helicase DNA, -ekzonukleaza, polymerase iyo -ligaza. The ugu horeysay ee xeryahooda waa awoodaan in ay aqoonsadaan burbur u taagoo Silsiladda deoxyribonucleic acid ah. Waxaa keliya ma aha waxay aqoonsan tahay, laakiin sidoo kale dhimaysa silsiladda meel sax ah, si meesha looga saaro qaybta Britain ee dib u habaynta. ka saarida Deposit waxaa lagu fuliyaa la exonuclease DNA ah. Next, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee qaybtii cusub ee Britain acid deoxyribonucleic ka acids amino gol leeyahay in gabi ahaanba bedeli qeybta dhaawacan. Well Poland this nidaamka noolaha adag sameeyaa la enzyme ligase DNA ah. Waxaa mas'uul ka ah lifaaqa in qaybtii burburay ee Britain ayaa ku dhexsameeysmo jirka. Marka dhan afar ensaymes ayaa ay shaqo u sameeyey, Britain DNA waxaa gebi ahaanba updated iyo dhaawaca ee la soo dhaafay oo dhan. Tani waa sida habsami leh farsamooyinka shaqada unugyada nool.

kala soocidda

Halkaa marka ay marayso, culimada ayaa loo aqoonsaday noocyada soo socda ee hababka dayactir. Waxaa loo firfircoonaan ku xiran tahay arrimo kala duwan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Reactivation.
2. kabashada Recombination.
3. Dayactirka heteroduplexes.
4. dayactirka Exzision.
5. isukeenidda ee darafyadiisa non-homologous ee u taagoo DNA.

All noolaha hal-unuglaha leeyihiin ugu yaraan saddex hababka enzymatic. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah uu awood u leeyahay si ay u hirgeliyaan nidaamka dib u soo kabashada. Nidaamka waxaa ka mid ah: si toos ah, excision iyo postreplicative. The saddex nooc oo dayactir DNA leeyihiin prokaryotes. Sida eukaryotes, waa ay ka, habab dheeraad ah, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan Miss-mathe iyo SOS-dayactirka. Biology baaro si faahfaahsan oo dhan oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee is-bogsashada ah waxyaabaha la dhaxlo ee unugyada.

Qaab dhismeedka habab dheeraad ah

dayactirka Direct - waa sida ugu adag ee laga takhaluso oo ka mid ah isbedel bahal ah ee DNA ah. Waxaa la sameeya ensaymes gaar ah. Thanks iyaga, dib u soo celinta ee qaab dhismeedka of Britain DNA waa mid aad u dhakhso ah. Guud ahaan, geeddi-socodka soo baxa in hal talaabo. Mid ka mid ah ensaymes kor ku xusan waa methyltransferase O6-methylguanine-DNA. nidaamka dayactirka Exzision - taasi waa nooca is-bogsiinta of acid deoxyribonucleic, kaas oo ku lug leh soo baxay jarida ee acids amino modified, oo bedel ku xiga ee goobaha dib-u-dhexsameeysmo ay. Nidaamkan waxaa fuliyay in dhowr marxaladood. Intii lagu guda jiray dayactir DNA postreplicative in qaab-dhismeedka Britain ayaa waxaa lagu aasaasay laga yaabaa in silsiladda qiimaha farqiga a. Kolkaasay waxay ku xiran yihiin qeyb ka mid ah protein RecA. nidaamka dayactirka Postreplicative waa mid gaar ah in ay geedi socodka ka maqan ogaanshaha marxaladda isbedelka pathogenic.

Yaa masuul ka ah hab dib u soo kabashada

Si aad u taariikhda, saynisyahano ogahay in sida uun fudud, sida E. coli, ma laha wax ka yar konton hiddo si toos ah ay u dayactiraan. hiddo-kasta wuxuu leeyahay mas'uuliyadaha qaarkood. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah: ogaanshaha, ka saarida, Avv, lifaaqa, aqoonsiga ee saamaynta rays UV, iyo wixii la mid ah. Nasiib darro, wax hiddo, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa mas'uulka ka ah geedi socodka dayactirka ee gacanta ugu jira, sakhiray in isbedel mutational. Haddii ay taasi dhacdo, markaas ay bilaabi Isbedelo inta badan soo noqnoqda oo dhan unugyada jirka.

The DNA dhaawac halis ah

Maalin kasta, DNA ee unugyada jirka our ay halis ugu jiraan dhaawac iyo isbedel bahal ah. Tan waxaa loo fududeeyey deegaanka sida shucaaca, lagu daro cuntada, kiimikooyinka, dhinacada heerkulka, field magnetic, walwalka badan in la bilaabo geedi socodka gaar ah ee jirka ku jira, iyo in ka badan. Haddii qaab-dhismeedka DNA la jebiyey, waxay keeni kartaa unugyada isbedel aad u daran oo keeni kara kansarka mustaqbalka. Taasi waa sababta jidhku waa adag ka mid ah tallaabooyinka si ay ula dhaawacyo sida macaamilo. Xitaa haddii ensaymes ee aan awoodin inuu ku soo laabto muuqaalka asalka ah ee DNA, nidaamka dayactirka baxay ka shaqeeya in ay sii waxyeelo ay ugu yaraan.

recombination homologous

Waxaan garan doontaa waxa ay tahay. Recombination waa is waydaarsiga in wax hidde in farqiga iyo xarunta u taagoo of deoxyribonucleic acid. In kiiska halkaas oo ay jiraan nasashada ee DNA, nidaamka recombination homologous bilaabmaa. Inta lagu guda jiro waxaa la badelay jajabkii laba taagoo. Iyada oo ay taasi dhismeedka asalka si sax ah u soo celiyey ee deoxyribonucleic acid. wax lays of DNA ee ku dhici kara mararka qaarkood. Iyada oo nidaamka of recombination waxaa suurtagal ah in ay dadka dhexgalaan labada qaybaha kala duwan.

farsamo ee soo kabashada jidhka iyo caafimaadka

dayactirka - waa shardi ka mid ah hawlaha caadiga ah ee jidhka. Lagu sakhiray in ay maalin kasta oo hanjabaad saacadeed dhaawac DNA oo Isbedelo, qaab-dhismeedka multicellular islana oo badbaaday. Tani waxay sidoo kale dhacaa sabab u tahay nidaam dayactir aasaasay. la'aanta ah ee adkeysiga caadiga ah keena isbedel cudurka iyo cilladaha kale. Waxaa ka mid ah noocyo kala duwan oo cudurada, kansarka iyo xitaa laftiisa gaboobaya. cudurada la iska dhaxlo ay sabab u tahay rabshooyin dayactirka keeni kartaa in burooyinka halista daran oo aan caadi ahayn kale ee u shaqeeyo. Haddaba aqoonsaday cudurada qaarkood sababa shaqayn waa nidaamka dayactirka DNA. Kuwani waa, tusaale ahaan, cudurada sida Cockayne syndrome, xeroderma, nonpolyposis kansarka mindhicirka, Trichothiodystrophy iyo kansarrada qaarkood.