Organelles Non-xuub unugyada: nooc, qaab-dhismeedka, shaqada

Animal unugyada, dhirta iyo fangaska ka kooban yihiin saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: xuub plasma ah, xuduntii iyo cytoplasm. Bakteeriyada ku kala duwan yihiin iyaga ka sababtoo ah ma uusan haysan xuduntii ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin xuub iyo cytoplasm.

Sidee cytoplasm ah?

Tani waa qayb ka mid ah gudaha ee gacanta ku kaas oo noqon kara hyaloplasm distinguished (dhexdhexaad ah ee dareeraha ah), iyo organelles (organelle). Inclusions - a formation non-joogta ah ee gacanta, kaas oo asal ahaan u taagan yihiin dhibco ama nafaqooyinka bedelka kiristaalo. Organelles - dhismeedka joogto ah. Sida unugyada functional ugu muhiimsan jirka ee jira jidhadhka ah, sidaas darteed in qafas oo dhan hawlaha ugu waaweyn waxaa lagu sameeyaa by organelles.

Xuub iyo non-xuub organelles unugyada

The ugu horeysay qaybsan odnomembrannye iyo dvumembrannye. Keliya laba la soo dhaafay - waa mitochondria iyo chloroplasts. By odnomembrannym ka mid ah lysosomes, qalab Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic (endoplasmic reticulum), vacuoles. About organelles non-xuub, ayaan ka hadli doonaa si faahfaahsan in this article.

organelles Non-xuub-dhismeedka gacanta

Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ribosomes, xarunta cell iyo microtubules cytoskeleton sameeyay iyo microfilaments. Sidoo kale kooxdan la tixgelin karo dhaqdhaqaaqa organelles hantiyeen by noolaha hal-unuglaha, iyo sidoo kale unugyada jinsiga ee labka ee xayawaanka. Bal aynu eegno amarka organelles non-xuub ee unugyada, ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada.

Waa maxay ribosome ah?

Tani non-xuub organelles unugyada, taas oo ka kooban ribonucleoproteins. Waxa ay qaab-dhismeedka ka mid ah laba qaybood (subunits). Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waa mid ka yar - waa weyn ee. At intiisa kale, ay yihiin oo kala duwan. Waxay ku xiran yihiin marka ribosome bilaabmin si ay u shaqeeyaan.

La kulan organelles non-xuub unugyada for Avv borotiinka. Magac ahaan, geeddi-socodka tarjumaadda - ku biiro acids amino Silsilad polypeptide si gaar ah, faahfaahinta kaas oo la soo guuriyeen ka DNA si mRNA iyo duubay.

ribosomes Size waa labaatan nanomitir. Tirada ka mid ah organelles gudahood gacanta ku gaari kartaa in aad dhowr tobanaan kun oo gogo '.

In eukaryotes, ribosomes waa in hyaloplasm, iyo dusha sare ee reticulum ka da.ay endoplasmic. Waxa kale oo ay joogaan in organelles dvumembrannyh: ku mitochondria iyo chloroplasts.

cytocentrum

organelle Tani waxay ka kooban yahay centrosome ah, kaas oo la hareereeyey by tsentrosferoy. Centrosome ka mid ah laba centrioles - madhan gudaha dhululubo ee ka kooban microtubules. Tsentrosfera ka kooban tahay xarunta radially microtubules gacanta kordhin. Sidoo kale, waxa uu ka kooban yahay filaments dhexe iyo microfibrils.

xarunta Cell fuliya hawlaha sida formation of dunmiiqa mitotic. Waxa uu sidoo kale waa xarunta ururka ee microtubules.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhismeedka kiimikada ee organelle this, maalkiisa aasaasiga ah waa tubulin protein ah.

organelle Tani waxa uu ku yaalaa bartamaha joomateri ee unugyada, sidaas darteed magacan uu leeyahay.

Microfilaments iyo microtubules

Ka hore waa buuxieyey ah actin protein. Ay ballaciisu yahay 6 nm.

dhexroor waa 24 microtubules nanometer. darbiyada waxaa lagu dhisay ee tubulin protein.

Kuwani organelles cell non-xuub sameeyaan cytoskeleton, taas oo ka caawisaa si ay u joogteeyaan qaab joogto ah.

shaqo kale microtubule - gaadiidka, waayo, waxaa la dhaqaajin karin organelles iyo walxaha in gacanta.

organelles dhaqdhaqaaqa

Waxay ka mid yihiin laba nooc: cilia iyo flagella.

Midkii kowaad wuxuu u leedahay noolaha hal-unuglaha sida kabaha ciliates.

Flagella leeyihiin Chlamydomonas, iyo sidoo kale in shahwada xoolaha.

Movement of organelles ka kooban borotiinka contractile.

gunaanad

Sida gabagabo koobayaa.

Sidaas awgeed, waxaan eegay oo dhan organelles non-xuub ee dhirta, xayawaanka, fangaska iyo bakteeriyada, ay qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada.