Dhimirka - waa ... Qoondaynta of jir, sifo

Tan iyo markii aan wakhtiyadii hore u, dadka ay u isticmaaleen waxyaabaha dabiiciga ah si looga yareeyo xanuunka iyo in laga takhaluso cudurada iyo jirooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasaddani waa kooban qayb, qoondaynta kuwa xeryahooda in ay leeyihiin saamayn caynkaas ah waxaa suurto gal oo keliya horumarka ballaaran iyo weyn ee kiimikada sida sayniska, taas oo ah, ka qarnigii XVII ah.

Waxay ahayd markaa in guntiisa ku noolaha dhirta, oo maanta, iyo in xoolaha qaar ka mid ah, helay xeryahooda organic nitrogen-ka kooban, kuwaas oo siin saamayn balaadhan ku daweyn. Tan iyo 1819kii, magaca guud ee kooxdan oo ah walxaha - jir. La soo-jeediyey V.Meysnerom, farmashiistaha iyo dhakhtarkaaga.

Waa maxay dhimirka ah?

Currently aqbalay in dhimirka - xarunta a xilliile ah oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha ee giraanta ama dhinac silsilad hal ama dhowr atamka nitrogen iyo nooca kiimikada ee guryaha soo koraya ka mid ah alkalis daciif ah, sida ammonia. Hore u soo sheegnay qeexid of walxahan waxay sida a taagayo saldhig nitrogen ee pyridine. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah xeryahooda kooxdan markii dambe helay, taas oo muujisay in fasiraadda sida ma aha oo gebi run, oo ma dabooli kala duwan oo dhan wada jir.

Waayo, markii ugu horraysay ee wax this ayaa la helay iyo baaritaan sanadkii 1803 by saynisyahano Dersonom. Waxay ahayd morphine ah oo ka soo jeeda xashiishad. Ka dibna, ka madax banaan midba midka kale, saynisyahano badan ayaa laga helay tiro ka mid ah oo adag xeryahooda heterocyclic ka wax geedka. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaan lahaa fikradda ah in walax this alkaloid- inta badan ka soo jeedo dabiiciga ah. Waxaa la soo saaray oo kaliya in dhirta.

Walxaha kiimikada ah ee u taagoo ee

By ay dabiicadda kiimikada, walxahan waxay - a xeryahooda organic nitrogen-ka kooban oo ay ku jiraan atamka nitrogen in dhismaha heterocycles, isku xidhan by noocyada kala duwan ee silsilado iyo isdhexgalka.

Laga soo bilaabo dhirta, ay u istaagaan soo baxay ee ka kooban ee cusbada ee acids gaar ah:

• malic,
• khamri,
• oxalic;
• acetic iyo kuwa kale.

Haddii walax saafi ah ka milixda ka soo soocay, waxaa suurtagal ah si ay u helaan dhimirka sida budada crystalline ah, iyo waxa suurto gal ah si ay u sameeyaan qaab dhismeedka dareere (nicotine). In this iyo in kiiska kale - waa xarunta xumadoodu soo bandhigista kiimikaad ku haboon.

Taasi waa, kimistari ee wada jir loo yaqaan oo la fahamsan yahay. Tusaale ahaan, hababka ku qeexan oo ay la takooro karaa wax geedka. Waxay ku salaysan yihiin milmi ee cusbada ee wada jir biyo, sida xeryahooda saafi yihiin ku dhowaad beelaya biyo, laakiin si fiican u samayn in qase organic.

Tiro ka mid ah dareen diidmo oo dhici isticmaalaya go'doomin iyo waxbarasho xeryahooda sida waxa loo yaqaan dhimirka.

1. Roobab. Reaction, ku salaysan formation of cusbo ah beelaya ee dhimirka ah, taas oo precipitates. Tan waxaa lagu guulaysan karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo qaybaha soo socda: tannin, picric acid ama phosphotungstic molybdic acid.
2. Roobab. Reaction, ku salaysan formation of cusbada adag la xeryahooda dhimirka. Reagents: chloride mercuric, iodide potassium ama bismuth.
3. Xayd. Marka falcelinta kuwanu waa nooc ka mid ah isbedel dhimirka iyo waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dareemi karo ee ka kooban guud ahaan. Mabda'a garoomada - saamaynta on heterocycles ee muuqaalka kore ee midabka. Reagents: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydroxide copper, copper (II) -precipitated.

Inta badan dareen diidmo xayd ma siin natiijada sax ah, sida qeyb ka mid ah a wada jir heterocyclic la mid yihiin kuwa u taagoo protein ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxay ku siin saameyn la mid ah.

dirka wada jir

Waa maxay qaybaha oo dhan waxaa xeryahooda la yaqaan oo ka tirsan kooxda this qaybsan, go'aamiyo nooca wada jir, qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada ay. kala soocidda Tani waxaa la abuuray academician AP Orekhov oo waxay been at ku salaysan nooca iyo qaabka heterocycle la atamka nitrogen dhexdeeda ah.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, iyo taagayo oo dhanba. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid noqon kara wada jir sida platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin iyo kuwa kale. Dhismaha sal adag heterocycles shan membered biiray midba midka kale, taasoo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka la eb nitrogen ah.
2. Piperidine iyo taagayo pyridine dhanba. Wakiilada anabasine, lobeline. Aasaaska - lix membered wareegyada adag la nitrogen.
3. Quinolizidine iyo xeryahooda ay. Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah: pahikarpin, termopsin iyo kuwa kale. salaysan kiimikada adag heterocycles lix membered, isku xiran oo nitrogen.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. koox muhiim ah oo wada jir waa mid caadi ah - xeryahooda isoquinoline. Salsalin, morphine iyo papaverine - hubkaas ayaa loo isticmaalaa in daawada. Tani waxay sidoo kale ka mid noqon kara wada jir ah in dhirta barberry, Maçka iyo celandine.
6. KIIMIKADA mid aad u adag in taagayo dhismeedka tropane - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. Dhismaha wakiil u dhisnayd, pyrrolidine isku maran iyo piperidine siddo oo adag.
7. Indole iyo xeryahooda - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, iyo kuwa kale. siddo la atamka nitrogen in qaab dhismeedka isku dhafan ee shan iyo lix-membered.
8. dhimirka ugu weyn ee warshadaha cuntada iyo daawada - caffeine ka caleemo shaaha iyo abuurka ah ee saamiga warshadda. Waxay la xidhiidhaa taagayo purine - xeryahooda adag oo heterocycles kala duwan iyo atamka nitrogen ka badan ka kooban.
9. Ephedrine iyo xeryahooda ay - sferofizin, colchicine iyo kolhamin. Magaca kiimikada ee ephedrine, oo muujineysa in ay qaab-dhismeedka kakan, fenilmetilaminopropanol - a adag khamriga leedahay beduliyum organic.
10. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa go'aansanay in loo qoondeeyo in walxaha qaarkood group wada jir ah steroids - corticosteroids iyo hormoonnada jinsiga.

guryaha jirka

The sifooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee kooxda waxaa ka mid ah awoodda ay u milmaan in cabitaanno kala duwan oo gobolka wadar ahaan labada lug ee xaaladaha caadiga ah.

Heerkulka qolka dhimirka caadiga ah - a adag crystalline. Color iyo urta, sida caadiga ah, aadan haysan. On dhanxanegga ah, oo inta badan u qadhaadh, tannic, xun. Muujiyaan waxqabad indhaha in xal.

Qaar ka mid ah walxaha isku dareere ah ee xaaladaha caadiga ah - waa wada jir anoxic 200 noocyada. Tusaale ahaan, nikotiinka, pahikarpin, coniine.

Haddii aan ka hadlo milmi ee biyaha, saas samayn karaa si buuxda oo kaliya caffeine, ephedrine, ergometrine. Qaar kale xubno ka mid ah fasalka this xeryahooda L kaliya in cabitaanno ah organic (qase).

Action on jidhka bini'aadamka

Dhimirka - walax taas oo saameyn xoog leh ku aadanaha iyo xayawaanka. Waa maxay saamaynta?

1. saamaynta weyn waa in habka dareemayaasha jirka, dhamaadka unugyada neerfaha, synapses, geedi socodka neurotransmitter. Meelaha xogta ee jirka kooxo kala duwan wada jir u dhaqmaan sida daawada dajiyaha, psychotropics, dabeecadda reflex, antitussives, kiciya, maandooriyaha, analgesics. Marka si sax ah loo isticmaalo ujeeddooyin caafimaad si adag isku duraa iyada oo sax ah, saamaynta kuwanu waa faa'iido. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, badinta yar u horseedi kartaa cawaaqib aad u xun oo naxdin leh.
2. tallaabo ku saabsan nidaamka wadnaha iyo - anti-arrhythmic, hagaajinaysaa wareegga dhiigga, maroojiska, hypotensive, choleretic.

Haddii ku saleysan daroogada dhimirka waxaa loo isticmaalaa si aan haboonayn ama aan la raacayo qiyaasta loo baahan yahay, waxay keeni kartaa kuwa soo socda:

• aragga iyo maqalka,
• neefta, cidhiidhi xabadka;
• dawakh, lallabo, matag,
• dhiigbaxa;
• afka oo qalala,
• kor u kac ama hoos u dhac ku yimaadda cadaadiska dhiigga;
• dhimashada lagu sumoobo daran.

Qayb muhiim ah oo wada jir ah ee ay saamaynta nafsaaniga ah ee qofka waa sun, xoog, keenaya gariir iyo dhimasho (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Qayb kale - xeryahooda maandooriyaha keeni qabatinka. Nafsiga, dareenka iyo jirka (nicotine, caffeine, cocaine). Sidaa darteed, xeryahooda, kuwaas oo u baahan in ay u dhaqmaan si taxadir leh xad-dhaaf ah oo keliya isticmaalaan talo iyo qoro.

Isticmaalka daawada

In dhirta aagga this ka kooban wada jir - aasaas u ah dawooyin badan oo ballaadhan-spectrum, ama, on lid ku ah, heer sare ah oo khaas ah. Ku saleysan alaabta ceeriin oo kale waa u diyaar dabada, infusions, kiniin, xal dhalada. action waxaa loogu talagalay daawaynta cudurada wadnaha, neefsashada, habdhiska iyo dhammaato ee cudurrada maskaxda. Sidoo kale, waayo, daaweynta ee nidaamka dheefshiidka, sida uurka, cudurada oncological, in la baabi'iyo qabatinka aalkolada iyo meelaha kale oo badan.

Taas oo ka kooban wada jir ee dabiiciga ah?

In vivo wada jir ku jira dhalatada oo daawo iyo dhirta. Maanta waxaa la ogsoon yahay okolo10000 magacyada walxaha kuwaas oo ku dhowaad dhammaan iyaga ka mid ah waxaa si hufan laga soo alaabta ceeriin sida.

Qaybo ka mid ah fangaska, unugyada bakteeriyada, algae, wada jir echinoderms helay. xeryahooda dhimirka ayaa laga soo dabiiciga ah ee unugyada xayawaanka qaarkood, laakiin iyagu way yar yihiin.

Sidaas darteed, waxa ay u muuqataa in alaab-hoose, il kaydkiisu oo ka mid ah walxaha ujeedooyin caafimaad, nolosha aadanaha, warshadaha - waa dhirta ay ku jiraan wada jir.

dhirta daroogada

Waa maxay dhirta, kuwaas? Waxay yihiin, dhab ahaantii, aad u tiro badan ku xuso oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaad magacaabi kartaa ugu badan iyo inta badan la isticmaali by nin.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - platifillin dhimirka iyo senetsifillin - ku dejinaysaa iyo saamaynta spasmolytic on jidhka, loo isticmaalo si ay u abuuraan medicaments u dhiganta.
2. Belladonna sylvestris qoyska Solanaceae. Waa arrin aad u muhiim ah, waayo, geedka daawo. Belladonna wada jir - atropine iyo belladonnin. Diyaargaraw ku salaysan waxyaabaha geedo yaryar kicin habka dhexe ee neerfayaasha, firfircoonida jidhka iyo maskaxda, la kordhiyo waxqabadka iyo dulqaadasho. Hanti saamayn spasmolytic iyo xanuunka. On ku salaysan laga soosaaray of dhirta this waxaa la aasaasay dhibcood, daawooyinka, tinctures iyo shumaca.
3. Belem madow. Si buuxda u dhirta sunta ah, dhammaan qaybaha ay yihiin khatar. Wada jir - hyoscyamine iyo scopolamine. Loo isticmaalo daweynta ee nno dareemayaasha iyo cudur mooshin.
4. Celandine. Waa caadi in dhirta dalka our. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa ku jira wada jir Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin iyo kuwa kale. Aad sun haddii si khaldan loo isticmaalo.
5. Wada jir in dhirta papaveraceous tirin laba darsin. Tani xashiishad, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, kodheynka, iyo taagayo kale isoquinoline. Waxay saamayn iyo qiimaha tixgeliyo si gooni gooni ah.
6. myasokrasnaya Passionflower. Waxaa ku jira tiro ka mid ah wada jir, taagayo indole. Waxay leedahay saamayn ku dejinaysaa xoog leh.
7. Ergot. Si gaar ah loo abuuray dhaqanka of fungus-noole this disha dalagga ee galley, waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro ugu wada jir ugu adag. Waa kadeed iyo ergometrine, iyo 18 noocyada kale. Loo isticmaalo daawada (gaar ahaan dumarka).
8. serpentine Rauwolfia - xididdada geedka this ku jira in ka badan 50 jir, loo isticmaalaa daawaynta cudurada wadnaha, oo ay ku jiraan hypertension.

Dhir iyo dhirta - meel aad u muhiim ah dawo casriga ah. Ka dib oo dhan, inta badan waxyaabaha ku dhexsameeysmo jirka ku salaysan yahay alaabta ceeriin dabiiciga ah. Waxay la isticmaalay tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore oo aan laga badiyay ku tacaluqa aadanaha maanta. On lid ku ah, muddo ka dib, dadka badan yihiin u xiiseynayey in ay ogaadaan oo baadhaan ka kooban qaybaha kala duwan ee dhirta sida ee si aad u hesho wax muhiim ah, wax caawin doonaa xal u helidda dhibaatada of cuduro badan oo aan la bogsiin karin.

The dhimirka ee ugu badan

Kuwa loo arkaa in ay derivative ah ipium - codeine. Waxaa suurto gal ah in loo qoondeeyo falgalka kiimikada gaar ah morphine. Marka la barbar dhigo dambaysta ah, waxaa nabadgelyo badan inaad isticmaasho, sidii tallaabo jilicsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxtarka sida xanuunka, an antitussive, daroogada ku dejinaysaa ma ka xun in morphine ama xashiishad laftiisa.

Sidaa darteed, daawooyinka codeine ku salaysan yihiin aad caadi u ah in daawada iyo waxaa loo isticmaalaa by dadka wadamada oo dhan. xaddidaadda kaliya - waa qiyaasta. Waa in la isticmaalo oo kaliya on talo iyo ka yar kormeer caafimaad.

Ipium iyo wada jir ay

Opiates - sida daawada iyo kimistari yeedhay oo dhan wada jir xashiishad, kaas oo noqon kara ka mid ah waxa ay go'doonsan iyo dhexsameeysmo ku salaysan waxa on. Waa maxay xidhiidhka ka? Nasiib darro, haatana waxa ay yihiin qof kasta oo ku dhow bushimihiisu, oo had iyo jeer aan haysan sumcad wanaagsan iyo istaahilaan, codsiga saxda ah. Kuwani waa wada jir, sida:

• morphine,
• papaverine;
• heroin;
• codeine.

In daawada, walxahan waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida antitussives, analgesics, daawada dajiyaha. Codeine ku salaysan xataa abuuray tiro ka mid ah dawooyinka hargabka ee carruurta.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xeryahooda sida ipium iyo heroin, waxaa loo isticmaalaa ma aha oo kaliya ujeeddooyin, daawooyinka, laakiin sidoo kale sida daawooyinka sarkhaamayo culus. Waxay keeni tiirsanaanta cabsida badan oo jidhka bini'aadamka iyo muddo keeni kartaa dhaawac halis u ah caafimaadka, xataa nolosha dadka.