Ernst Haeckel: Biography, hawl sayniska. tabarruc Haeckel ee biology

naftiisa baadhitaan ee dabiiciga ah ku laysaan, Ernst Gekkel dhigay badan oo daahfurtay oo kaalin weyn in ay sayniska. Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan hawlaha sayniska ee cilmiga ah si aad u ogaato dambe ee qodobkan.

Ernst Haeckel: Biography

Faylasuuf Jarmal iyo naturalist Ernst Haeckel ku dhashay aabbo ee 1834. Ka dib ka qalin dugsiga sare ee Mezerburge, daawada iyo sayniska dabiiciga ah uu soo bartay Berlin, Jaamacadda Würzburg. Ph.D. in cilmi barasho xayawaan at the University of Jena. In 1858, in uu helay uu shahaado caafimaad.

Ernst Haeckel muujisay xiisaha aan caadi ahayn in anatomy ah cqaadir oo cilmi barasho xayawaan. In 1859, duulaan Talyaaniga, halkaas oo uu ka bartay plankton, buushka, kolkaasaa dirxi galay ayuu u soo diray, fureysaa noocyo cusub oo radiolarians. Marka laabtay saynisyahan ayay qabatay jagada Professor ka dibna Associate Professor of University Jena iyo bara anatomy barbardhig.

Tan iyo 1863, hawlaha ah bulshada iyo sayniska firfircoon. Wuxuu ku hadlaa ku saabsan Darwinism, sii daayo shuqulladoodii ugu daabacan, dejinayaan aragtiyaha sayniska. Dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX ah, cilmi tagaa on duulaan in Masar, Algeria, jasiiradda of Madeira, iyo Ceylon. Later, wuxuu u safray Suuriya, dhiibtay, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar iyo meelo kale, waxbarashada ay duur-joogta iyo samaynta Dakatu.

In 1867, Ernst Haeckel guursadaa Agnes Huschke. Waxay leeyihiin wiil, Walter, gabadhii Emma iyo Elizabeth. dhimashada naagtiisa ee 1915 aad bay u saameeyey caafimaadka iyo fayo-qabka ah ee cilmiga ah. in Germany uu ku dhintay August 9, 1919.

Research iyo Publications

Helitaanka shahaadada dhakhtarka ma saamayn shaqada xirfadeed ee cilmiga ah. Siyaabo badan, ay cilmi-baarista iyo aragti saamaysay xidhiidhka la Charles Darwin. Books Ernst Haeckel bilaabmaa si ay u daabacaan ee 1866. Shuqulkiisa ugu horeeyay waxaa lagu magacaabaa "fataahadda Guud ee noolaha." Muddo ka dib, buugga "History Dabiiciga ah ee Abuur", halkaas oo uu taageero aragtida ah ee horumar ka muujiyay.

In 1866, uu foomamka version loogu kordhinayo sharciga biogenetic, diyaariyey dhowr sano ka hor. Marka tan la eego, Ernst Haeckel gastraea dhistaa aragtida ah, in uu sharaxayaa asalka ah ee noolaha multicellular ka noolaha hal-unuglaha. Sababo la this, Haeckel ogaaday in wareegyada sayniska.

Sannadkii 1874tii ayuu daabacay qoraal "aadmiga, ama taariikhda horumarka dadka," taas oo uu ku expounds uu aragti on jiritaanka socda dhexaadin u dhexeeya daanyeer oo nin.

Inta lagu guda jiro duulaan in Africa iyo Asia, ayuu qoray shuqullada on xayawaan badeed, kalluunka qoto-badda, radiolarians, ka dibna ka go'an in ay cilmi-baarista ee noolaha, kuwaas oo ku ballansan "Phylogeny nidaamsan". Total Ernst Haeckel qoray oo ku saabsan 26 shuqullada, qaar ka mid ah turjumay Ruush.

fataahadda Guud ee noolaha

anshaxa kale, horumarinta taasoo gacan weyn ka Ernst Haeckel - ecology. In uu buugga ugu horeysay "fataahadda Guud ee noolaha," saynisyahan theorizes on baahida loo qabo in ay doorasho sida anshaxa noolaha gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, habka adag xiriirka ka dhexeeya shaqeeyo nool iyo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin deegaanka waa in laga dambeeyo ee daraasadda cilmiga loo yaqaan ecology.

Ernst Haeckel rumeysan yahay in hawsha ugu muhiimsan ee anshaxa tani waa waxbarasho ee xaaladaha deegaanka organic iyo imanba, kaas oo ay leeyihiin inay la qabsadaan noolaha. By dabiiciga ah imanba saynisyahan fahamsan arrimaha cimilada sida iftiinka, korontada atmosfeerta, qoyaan, kulaylka, iyo halabuurka ah ee ciidda iyo biyaha. Organic Haeckel ka mid ah dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee xidhiidhada u dhexeeya noolaha.

sharciga biogenetic

Waxaa dhiirigelintiisa lahaa aragti evolutionary, Haeckel diyaariyey sharciga, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan sharciga Haeckel-Müller. Waxay ku salaysan tahay male ah in inta lagu guda jiro horumarinta ah u shaqeeyo shaqsiga celis u sameeyaan marxaladaha ugu weyn ee ay horumar. Taasi waa, logu horumarinta embriyaha, aan raad raaco karo dhismaha dabiiciga ah ee noociisa ah.

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee la xiqiijiyay in noocan oo kale ah la Yimaadeen Charlz helay Ashley Cole in daabaco "The Origin of Species", laakiin waxa ay ahayd mid aad u cad u ma muujiyeen. 1864 Fritz Muller in uu buugga "Darwin" ayaa sheegay in horumar taariikhi ah ku muuqata in nooca horumarka shakhsiga. Laba sano ka dib, Haeckel ku saleysan cilmi-baaris gaar ah siiyey dejinta cad fikradaha loo yaqaan sharciga biogenetic.

Sharciga ayaa waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa sida caddayn aragtida Darwin ee, inkastoo haatan ay jiraan xaqiiqooyin badan oo laga yaabo in ay diidaan in ay ansax. Tusaale ahaan, in marxaladaha hore ee horumarinta laf ma aha isku mid. Egyihiin arkay oo kaliya in marxaladaha dambe.

gastraea aragti

On ku salaysan sharciga biogenetic ah Ernst Haeckel abuuraa aragtida ah, in uu sharaxayaa asalka ah ee noolaha multicellular ka unicellular. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, Xayawaankii kowaad multicellular lahaa egyihiin la gastrula ah - foomka SNMna, oo ka kooban lakabka ah ee unugyada dibadda iyo gudaha.

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah, u shaqeeyo a unicellular bilowday qeybinta sida in unugyada gabadhii ma eryi doono iyo foomka cluster ah. Later waxay bilaabeen inay ku kala duwan yihiin muuqaalada functional iyo jidh - mid ka mid mas'uul ka ah dhaqdhaqaaqa, dadka kale ee dheefshiidka. Sayidka, sida ay aragti Haeckel ayaa waxaa la aasaasay shaqeeyo multicellular, taas ayaa loo magacaabay gastraea. Waxa uu xusuusiyay xayawaanka coelenterates ugu horeysay.

gunaanad

Intii uu nolosha, Ernst Haeckel daabacay shuqullo badan, dawadu sayniska ecology shuruudaha, Pithecanthropus, ontogeny iyo phylogeny. Sahaminta guutadii duur badda, uu helay in ka badan boqol nooc oo radiolarians. Haeckel ka mid ah xayawaanka ugu horeysay ee Germany ahaa, ayaa ku biiray aragtida Darwin ee. Taageerida aragtida ah ee horumar ah ee waxbarashada, ayuu isku dayay si loo ogaado boqortooyada nidaamka xoolaha, la diyaariyey ee sharciga biogenetic iyo aragtida ah ee asalka ah ee noolaha multicellular.