Methanol - waa maxay? sumowga methanol: Calaamadaha iyo Daaweynta

Malaha hal mar ka badan, mid kasta oo inaga mid ah ayaa maqlay oo ku saabsan sumeeyey mass la-soo-saarka khamriga been abuurka ah (oo ay ku jiraan dhimasho), taas oo methanol waxaa laga helay. Waa maxay iyo sababta ay sidaas dhaawici saamaynta ay jirka ku leeyihiin? Maxay lagu darayaa cabitaanka khamriga? Waa maxay cawaaqibka gelitaanka alaabta oo kale ah? Si aad ka jawaabto su'aalahan, waxaan u baahan nahay in ay taariikhda ee wax soo saarka khamri jeedin, si ay qaybinta ee beerihii hawlaha aadanaha iyo in tijaabo.

methanol

Methanol - a dareere sun ah Biyuhu waa khamriga fudud monohydric, iyo xubinta koowaad ee taxanaha homologous of alcohols monohydric. Sidoo kale in wareegyada sayniska waxa la yidhaahdaa waa sida geed ama khamriga methyl, carbinol iyo hydroxide methyl. dareeraha helay muxaadaro of lignin ama qoryo - farcan wax harta derbiyada gacanta warshad Woody. In Avv giisa ee methanol waa qayb ka mid ah lagu qayilo methane iyo methane by taranka iyada oo loo marayo methylenechloride. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee khamriga monovalent la helay in 1661 by Boyle in muxaadaro ka sameeyey qori qalalan. Laba qarniyo ka dib saynisyahano JB Dumas iyo E. M. Peligo suurtagashay in ay hesho methanol qaab saafi ah. Synthesizing khamriga heer warshadeed bilaabay in 1923 ee Germany. In nolol maalmeedka, methanol waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida dareeraha, aasaas u ah qabow ka hor taga, lagu daro baatrool falkaas shidaalka.

Saamaynta ay jidhka

khamriga methyl waa mid ka mid ah sunta ugu halista badan caalamka. Contact iyadoo wadar ahaan 10 ml oo ah walaxda galay jidhka bini'aadamka waxay keeni kartaa in isbedel karin in bahal ah: indho la'aan, khalkhal ku shaqaynaya oo ka mid ah xubnaha gudaha (kelyaha, beerka), meelaha dhaawaca maskaxda. Dhimashada dhacdaa haddii qadarkuu of 1-2 garaam halkii 1 kiilo ah oo miisaankeedu yahay waxaa daama methanol. Waa maxay iyo sida lacagta sababta yar oo ah walaxda waa inay awoodaan inay dilaan nin rag ah? Waxa ugu waa in marka daama khamriga monohydric waxaa oxidized si formaldehyde - sun awood u saameeya habka dareemayaasha jirka iyo sameynayso la borotiinada. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, saameynta sun ma aha isla markiiba ka dib markii la sii daayo oo ah walaxda u beddelmi doonaa dhiig, iyo dhowr saacadood ka dib. Sidaa darteed, ilaa muuqaalka kore ee calaamadaha ugu horreeya ee dadka khubad ka sida caadiga ah waxay leeyihiin waqti ay ku cabbo dose a halis ah.

khatar methanol

khatarta ugu weyn oo ah walaxda waa in methanol iyo ethanol (qayb weyn oo ka mid ah cabitaanka khamriga) oo aan la kala sooci karaa: waxay leeyihiin dhadhan isku mid ah iyo urta, labaduba waa dareere midab. ). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiimaha badan hoose ee methanol (ka RUR 15,500 per ton). Sababahan awgood ay inta badan qasi jiray khamriga. khatar kale waa in walxaha in khubad ka dhici karaan oo sabab u ah isticmaalka waxa ka sameysan oo ka kooban methanol. Waa maxay iyo sida ayuu ka dhacay? coolants Vaporization, cabitaanno waayo daaqadaha lagu dhaqo, walxaha paintwork ku jira atamka khamriga galaan jidhka, ururto oo keeni isbedel bahal ah. Sidaas suntan khamri ah kartaan oo keliya ma aha, sida caadi ahaan la rumaysan yahay in dalkeena, laakiin sidoo kale by alaab haleysan.

methanol sumowga

Calaamadaha ugu horeeya ee lagu sumoobo dhacaan 8-72 saacadood ka dib markii uu qofku cuno ee methanol ka dib. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u xanuunsataan, nidaamka dhexe ee dareemayaasha: dareen xad-dhaaf ah oo ay iftiinka (photophobia), furanto oo ka mid ah ardayda, madax-xanuun, madax-wareer iyo kala dhantaalan ee caafimaadka guud, dareenka dhimay, leniska miyirka.

methanol Sunta khatar gaar ah ay sabab u tahay ciriiriga, ama sii kordhaya xaddiga dhiigga ee unugyada iyo xubnaha, oo dhacda sabab u ah erythrocytes kordhay af badan iyo heerka hemoglobin. Sidaas darteed, bararto jidhka, keensataa towns a buluug. koritaanka habka bahal galo bukaanka ee gobolka suuxsan sabab u bararka cerebral. Hyperemia keenaysaa in carqalad ah habka neefsashada - neefsashada noqdo qoto dheer oo xumaada, dhibbanaha waxaa jira dareen ah hawo la'aan. Isla mar ahaantaana hoos u garaaca wadnaha, wadnaha uusan awoodin in uu la qabsadaan a "muxaadaro" xaddi badan oo ah dhiigga oo dhan jidhka iyo natiijada ka guuldareysto. Dhimashada dhacdaa.

Gargaarka degdegga ah ee loogu talagalay sumowga

Marka la ogaado oo ka mid ah calaamadaha ugu horreeya ee lagu sumoobo waa in isla markiiba wac ambalaas. Haddii ay taasi suurtogal ahayn, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kordhiyo tirada dareerka baabbi'iyey. Waa suurad wacan in ay cabin cabbitaanada leh content alkali, biyaha macdanta, xal acid qaarna, iyo isticmaalka yaanyada, muuska, sabiib, canab, dhir, malab, iyo alaabooyinka kale ee.

In goobaha caafimaad oo lagu sumoobo methanol loola dhaqmo by bandhigid galay shaqeeyo of ethanol. Haddii aadan hubin in walax ugu weyn ee sunta ah waa methanol, isticmaalka vodka sida le ah waa in la diido. Naf la badbaadiyo waa lavage gastric badan, matag laaluusheen.

statistics naxdinta

Taariikhda dhawaan Dadka ayaa la duubay intii toddoba xaaladood oo lagu sumoobo mass la methanol. tirada ugu badan ee qof ayaa ku dhaawacmay July 1981 ee India - ayaa ku dhimatay ka khubad 308 oo qof. Sannadkii 2000, dawladda ee El Salvador looga shakisan yahay weerarkii argagixiso, iyadoo ay sabab u cabo sunta methanol dilay 122 oo qof. Waxaa xusid mudan in mid ka mid ahaa dhirta wax soo saarka oo khamri ah walax this aan la helay. Sunta mass Ruush waxaa ka diiwaan gashan December 2016 ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka "Hawthorn" - dareere ah, waayo, qubeyska, kaas oo qaab-dhismeedka waxaa markii dambe laga helay methanol. Waa maxay iyo sida looga hortago amar caynkan oo kale - waa aan la aqoon. Laakiin sabab u ah sumowga saamaysay 123 oo qof, kuwaas oo 76 ay u dhinteen. December 20 ayaa lagu dhawaaqay maalin oo baroor diiq ah ee gobolka Irkutsk ah.

Isticmaalka methanol

Qadarka ugu weyn ee methanol waa inuu sawiro wax soo saarka. Waxa loo isticmaalaa sida dareeraha ah ay sabab u tahay Degenaansho sare iyo awoodda si ay u milmaan walxaha organic iyo polymeric. In dal oo Yurub ah, isku dar ah methyl oo ethyl khamriga loo isticmaalo perfumery. Laakiin in Russia waxyaabaha sida la mamnuucay, sida wax soo saarka kasta oo macaamiisha kale la methanol. Sababtoo ah falkaas sare qaar ka mid ah "sayidkayga" methanol waxaa loo isticmaalaa in guriga ee shidaalka falkaas. khamriga waxaa laga dalbadaa heer warshadeed loo helo biofuels.

In dabiiciga ah, khamriga methyl ah waa mid aad u dhif ah oo tiro yar. Tani waa inta badan saliidaha lagama maarmaanka ah ee Jasmine iyo wintergreen. Halabuurka The of saliidaha, kuwaas oo ka mid ah acid salicylic iyo anthranilic. Methanol in ay Halabuurka khatar ma aha in ay aadanuhu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay taasi keeni kartaa dareen xaasaasi ah. Sidaa darteed overreliance on saliidda waxay ahaan karaan dhaawici caafimaadka.