Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize, waayo, wax soo saarka iyo markii la gudoonsiiyey?

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - guuleystay Nobel Prize, qoraa Ruush weyn oo tirada dadweynaha. Magaciisa waxaa la xidhiidha Patriarchate ee suugaanta classical dunida, waxa ay leedahay ruthlessness ah soo jireenka ah iyo xukummadayda soodajiyo ku saabsan wax kasta oo dhacay dalka intii uu noolaa. Solzhenitsyn ahaa awoodaan in ay ku hadlaan erayo aan heli karo iyo waddani ka wakiil ah malaayiin, kor u qaadida fikrad qaranka, ku dooday in caddaalad iyo wanaag.

Solzhenitsyn: Provenance

"Waa maxay dadka dhexdooda lagu sarraysiiyaa waa karaahiyo in Ilaah!" - doodi suugaanta weynaa Ruush wax aan macquul aheyn in maalmood our. xirfadiisa ciyaareed adag ku guuleystay Aleksandra Isaevicha adeegtaa sida xaqiijin si toos ah uu dareen ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka fudud jiritaanka aadanaha. Wuxuu ku dhashay qoraa ee 1918 ee North Caucasus, ina waddanka u soo guurey ka yaroow Kuban. waalidiinta Solzhenitsyn ahaayeen dad caqli badan, akhris-qoraalka iyo cilmiga aasaasiga ah. Aleksandra Isaevicha Aabbahayo wuxuu ku dhintay hore inta lagu guda jiro dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ma arko ilmaha. Hooyo qoraaga, Taisia Zakharovna, helay shaqo sida teeb-garaacto ah ka dib dhimashadii ninkeeda, lahaa in la Sasha yar guurto Rostov-on-Don. Halkan iyo guriga carruurnimada qoraaga weyn.

Love suugaanta laga soo bilaabo yaraantooda

Waxaa u muuqan lahaa, mustaqbalka Aleksandra Isaevicha ahaa gunaanadkii foregone dugsiga. Dabcan, macallimiinta u bogi tayada cajiib ah ee ilmaha, oo aan ka fekeri karaa in Solzhenitsyn guulaystay Nobel Prize for "ciidamada anshax leh oo uu soo raacay dhaqanka maarmaan suugaanta Ruush" - in codadka magaca si rasmiga ah ee category ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, u janjeera in ay ka koobanahay wiil imaanayn u kala ka tiro ka mid ah ardayda ku jirta maalmo dugsi.

Si guul ah isagoo bartay Rostov University physics iyo xisaabta, qoraa mustaqbalka weynaa ka soo kiraysteen by macalinka dugsiga. Life biyaa ku xidhey in line a cabbiro: isku shaqo iyo sii wadaan inay ka foomka waraaqo ah (Philosophy Kulliyadda ee Moscow) bartaan, ayuu sooco oo uu waqtiga firaaqada la abuuro sheekooyin, curisyada iyo gabayo. Isbeddelka ku dhacay noloshiisa qaaska: Aleksandr Isaevich guursaday ardayga Natalia Reshetovskaya, xiiso suugaanta iyo music. In xilliga dayrta 1941 qoraaga la odhan jiray inay u adeegaan. laba sano oo waxbarasho dugsi military Ka dib, Solzhenitsyn horteeda, halkaas oo uu weli u suurtagashay in ay ka Qoranaysaan waqti lacag la'aan ah shaqada suugaanta yimid.

Bilowgii dagaalka ka dhanka ah taliska siyaasadeed

Helitaanka Solzhenitsyn Nobel Prize - ma si ka badan natiijo ah oo tayo riwaayadaha ama awoodda uu u laab khadadka miyir, iyadoo ay sabab u halgan joogto ah oo ku adag tahay kacsanaan anti-Soviet. Daabacaan Opus ugu horeysay SOFHURA Aleksandru Isaevichu ma guulaysan: 1945, Solzhenitsyn, isagoo kabtan ah, ayaa la xiray wada hadal la saaxiib ah, oo ay ku jiraan dadka dhaleeceynaya Jaalle Stalin.
isku day qoraaga si ay u wiiqaan awoodda talisnimo ah siddeed sannadood isaga ku kici xeryaha. doonista iyo rabitaanka nin cajiib ah, isagoo xabsiga ku, ma uu tago fikradda ah inaad u sheegto dunida ku hamiday ee taliskii Stalin.

Suu Creative Solzhenitsyn: muddada u dhaxaysa 1957 in 1964

Kaliya ee 1957, maxbuus siyaasadeed ayaa lagu dayactirey. Malaha saabsan Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn ka dibna ma u malayn, laakiin aan iska aamuso oo ku saabsan cadaadis oo ah sannadihii la soo dhaafay aan la socday. Inta lagu jiro "dhalaalid Khrushchev" noqday mid ka mid ah ku haboon ee shaqada qora a. Hoggaanka markaas Soviet, ma aha oo kaliya ma hortagaan siyaasadda dambi ah ururka ka horeeyey, laakiin sidoo kale loo ogol yahay si ay u daabacaan novel ah "One Day ee Denisovicha Ivana ah." Work qoran si fudud u heli karaan dadweynaha guud, ayaa soo saaray qarax Mucjizaad cad: waxa uu ahaa hadal ah oo ku saabsan maalinta a in maxbuus xerada. Daabacaan sheekada bilaabay in Europe, dhaleecayn oo dhan ku amaanay shaqada in loo ogol yahay isaga oo aan si ay u joojiyaan iyo soo diri sheekooyinka caadiga ah ee daabacaadan.

Mamnuucidda shuqullada Solzhenitsyn ee ku USSR

Isbeddelka hoggaanka oo ka mid ah gobolka aqoonyahanada bartamihii 70s-mar kale ayaan ciyaarin on gacanta ku Solzhenitsyn. Ka hor inta ku qoraa Nobel Prize isku dayeen in ay riixaan in diyaarinta abaalmarinta qaranka - Prize Lenin ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu yahay musharrax inta lagu jiro cod qarsoodi ah guddiga ayaa la tirtiray. By habka, tani waa sinaba saamayn ku yeelan kara caanka ah ee qoraaga, akhri Solzhenitsyn, fasalka oo dhan intelligentsia ee Soviet. Iibso tixaha in dukaanka waxay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn, laakiin waxa ka shaqeeya macno socday on gacmihiisa, taasoo ka dhigeysa akhristaha kasta muddo aan ka badnayn saddex maalmood. sheekooyin Qaar ka mid ah ayaa la daabacay oo aan daboolida, sida buug yar - waxay ahayd ku haboon iyo wax fudud si ay u qariyaan Dakatu Abwaan mamnuucay haddii loo baahdo.

cadaadiska siyaasadeed ka dhanka ah qoraaga

In 1965, dowladda ay bilaabeen in ay si qoto dheer fara shuqulka qoraaga. Wareegida gacmeedyada, archive wax qora suugaanta, mamnuuco 'fiidkii soo bandhigtay riwaayadaha iyo daabacaadda sheeko cusub "Cancer Ward", kaas oo sida la sheegay "dhab margado" oo loo aqoonsaday anti-Soviet, iyo ugu dambayntii eryidda ka Writers' akhristayaasha Midowga - tallaabooyin sida looga hortagi shaqada suugaanta, laakiin waxay awoodi waayeen in ay joojiyaan daabacaaddii dibada ee tixaha ah. Wax kasta oo aan la daabacan guriga, wuxuu yimid wareegga dibadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoraaga ma laftiisa ku siiso ogolaansho in tallaabo noocan oo kale ah, garashada masuuliyadda baaxadda.

Nobel Prize: guusha abaalmarinta la'aan

Marka Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn guulaystay Nobel Prize, television Soviet isku dayeen in ay ka dadweynaha qarin news ee abaalmarinta ee abaalmarinta "ganacsade" in muwaadiniinteeda. geesinimada ah ee qoraaga xagga shuqullada, taas oo runta nolosha ayaa ka baxsan "xaqiiqo hantiwadaagga", qalmaa xushmad run. Dhab ahaantii, geesinimada iyo adkaanta ku raad caddaaladda dadweynaha - taasi waa dhab ahaan waxa Solzhenitsyn guulaystay Nobel Prize. Laakiin, halkii xaflada abaalmarinta ee Stockholm, taas oo Aleksandr Isaevich lagu casuumay, dhacdo la xusaa in goobo ku dhow kuwa ugu dhow isaga in dadka maqlaya in warbaahinta ka soo Sweden raadiyaha, saaxiibna dalka iyo laxamiistaha Mstislav Rostropovich. Waxaa xusid mudan dhibic xiiso leh oo ku saabsan abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga shuqullada Solzhenitsyn qoraaga noqday horyaalka ee noociisa ah, sida laga bilaabo taariikhda daabacaadan sheekada ugu horeeyay ee abaalmarintaan qaatay sano kaliya 8 jir ah - ee taariikhda abaalmarinta waa ii faa'iido aqoonsi ugu dhaqsiyaha badan oo caalami ah.

Ka baqaya in ay dhacdo safarka dibadda, maamulka diiday dib-u-galo, guriga joogo. sida tooska ah loo Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize oo lagu qabtay keliya sanadkii 1974, afar sano ka dib xaflad abaal marinta.

Qoraaga dhibaatooyin ka dib markii Nobel Prize

Isla markii lagu dhawaaqay ee guusha ee qiimaha abaalmarinta Abwaan Adduunka olole isaga ka gees ah hore la geeyay si degdeg ah bilaabay si loo helo dardar. In ka badan laba sano soo socda ee guriga oo dhan koob ee qoraaga ayaa la burburiyey, iyo daabacaadda Paris ee "Jasiiradaha Gulag" cadhaysiiyeen oo keliya wakiilada oo ka mid ah madaxda communist.

naag carmal ah qoraaga, Natalia, waan hubaa of link, oo xabsi ku badbaadi Solzhenitsyn ee Nobel Prize for Suugaanta. Abaalmarinta ayaa difaacday qoraaga xorriyadda iyo nolosha ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah in la abuuro in kasta oo ay faaf-Soviet. Marka Alexander Solzhenitsyn guulaystay Nobel Prize, a taliyayaal xun maskax Midowga Soofiyeeti mar dambe lahaa shaki ah in guri dheeraad ah "agitator" iyo "propagandist anti-Soviet fikrado" ee dalka xoogayn doonaa oo kaliya booskiisa.

Eryidda halkii runta, 16 sano musaafuris

Soon Andropov, markaas madax ka ah KGB iyo mashruuc Xeer Guud Rudenko si aad uga Bixisaan qoraaga ee dalka ayaa loo diyaariyey. Go'aanka ugu danbeeya ee maamulka aan ahaa muddo dheer ku soo socda: In 1974, ee Presidium ee Soviet Sare ee USSR ah "ee komishanka nidaamka falalka waa in aynan ka tirsan dhalashada ee USSR iyo burburinta ee USSR ah", Solzhenitsyn oo laga xayuubiyey dhalashada iyo masaafurin in Germany.

Wareegtadii madaxwayanaha 1990 Abwaan dhalashada iyo qoyskiisa ayaa waxaa soo laabtay. Intaa waxaa dheer, in dayrta ee isla sanadkaas ee Nobel Prize Solzhenitsyn mar kale ayaan ku xusuustay, dalka oo dhan. Published in "Komsomolskaya Pravda" ee uu article barnaamijka nidaamka raasammaaliyade of Russia ayaa si wanaagsan usoo dhoweeyeen by dadweynaha. Dhawr bilood ka dib Solzhenitsyn waxaa la gudoonsiiyey Nobel State ee daabacan ee France ee 1973, "Gulag Jasiiradaha The." Si dhakhso ah, oo dhan shuqullada la daabacay ka baxsan Russia ayaa daabacay in dalkiisa, iyo bartamihii-90s wada guriga ku soo laabtay naagtiisii iyo wiilashiisii la, ka dibna ay si firfircoon uga qayb galaan hawlaha bulshada.

Soo noqoshada hawlaha bulshada Solzhenitsyn ee ah '90s

guusha Nobel Prize Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Ruush noqday shakhsiyaynta oo ka mid ah wareegyada dimuqraadi ah oo xoog leh, oo taageere u ahaa dhismaha ah, dawladda cusub ee la-dagaallanka shuuciga. Waxa la yaab leh, qoraaga helay noocyo kala duwan oo dalabyo, ilaa ugu ordaysaa madaxwaynanimada.

Dhinaca kale, hadalka dadweynaha Solzhenitsyn muujiyeen wax matare uu fikradaha la soo dhaafay ee bulshada. In wakiil live in Epoch, classic ah suugaanta qaranka iyo markhaatiga isla soo horjeeday taliskii baxsan Stalin, Aleksandr Isaevich Yimaadeen fikrado in si joogto ah u dhaqaaqin ka dhabta joogo iska, halka inta soo hartay bogga naxdin leh taariikhda Ruushka ee la soo dhaafay.

Dhaleeceeynta shuqullada ugu dambeeyey ee Nobel

Tusaale ahaan A duwanyihiin ee gudeed ee Solzhenitsyn haatan, sida ay dhaleecayn, waxa uu ahaa buugga "laba boqol oo sannadood Wadajir". Shaqada waxaa la daabacay 2001. Laakiin natiijada toban sano oo shaqo adag ah qoraaga si fudud u naxay wakiillo ka howgala sayniska iyo taariikhiga ah. Kabuubyo qudhiisa loo yaqaan fikrad qora a - taariikhda dadka Yuhuudda ah ee Russia. Shayga ayaa sababay dedaaladii ah dhaleecayn qasnaanu iyo ciil - sababta Solzhenitsyn sara kiciyey mawduuca horeba dhibaato xiriirka ka dhaxeeya labada dal?

Fikrado ku saabsan shuqullada Solzhenitsyn ee kala qaybsameen, laakiin sababta oo ah qaar ka mid ah loo tixgeliyaa masterpiece ah shaqada, manifesto dhabta ah ee fikrad qaranka Ruushka, halka qaar kalena ay kor u saaray qiimaynta isku dhafan si uu shuqulka qoraaga, isagoo sheegay in qoraaga ku dhowaad ammaanaya Yuhuudda, oo ay leeyihiin lahaa si ay u qoraan iyaga oo ku saabsan adag duwan. Qof sameeyey oo helay soo saarka ee taxane ah tixaha saraaxad anti-Semitic. Solzhenitsyn qudhiisu uusan mar adkeeyay caymiska ugu Ujeedada iyo eex lahayn ee mawduuca.

Gebogebadii, qiimaha Solzhenitsyn suugaanta dunida

Si aad gartooda u-abuurka ah ee qoraaga, raadi dhinacyada togan iyo kuwa taban ee buug uu qoray waxaa goor hore - daabacaadda aan la dhameystiray. Laakiin, sida muuqata, ku tacaluqa ee mawduuca shaqada this ka dhigi doonaa in ka badan hal ruxruxo ee wadahadal iyo dood.

Waayo, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize ma astaahilin Meyeydaan. Qoraaga ayaa qaaday meel istaahila in taariikhda suugaanta Ruush iyo dunida, kor u qaadida fikrado in ay tacsida ku saabsan xaaladda dhabta ah ee dalka, ku hawlan saxaafadda iyo shaqada bulshada. Inta badan shuqullada qoraaga soo saaray malaayiin nuqul labadaba Russia iyo dibadda. "The Gulag Jasiiradaha", "The Circle First", "Cancer Ward" iyo shuqullo badan oo kale ayaa noqday epitome dunida-riwaayadaha, kuwaas oo share dhacay tijaabooyin badan oo ay adag tahay nolosha.

Xusuusnow, ma idin illoobi kartaa!

Qoraaga weyn ayaa ku dhintay August 2008. Sababta dhimashada of 89-year-old Solzhenitsyn adeegay sidii gabsiiya wadnaha. Maalinta sagootin ah u xidhey ee Dmitry Medvedev soo saaray amar ah in ay ku lug leedahay perpetuation ee xasuusta oo ka mid ah qoraa iyo tirada dadweynaha. Iyadoo la tixraacayo go'aanka madaxweynaha in ardayda ugu fiican ee jaamacadaha Ruush ayaa waxaa la aasaasay deeq Solzhenitsyn, mid ka mid ah waddooyinka magaalada Muqdisho ayaa haatan sidoo kale waxbay ushafeeci idanka magaca lagu sharfayo Aleksandra Isaevicha, iyo Rostov-on-Don iyo Kislovodsk waa taxadiri, furi dabar ah.

Maanta, qaar ka mid ah shuqulladii Solzhenitsyn ee ku jira barnaamijka waxbarashada guud khasab ugu yar ee suugaanta Ruush. Ardeyga wuu akhriya sheekada "One Day ee Denisovicha Ivana ah," sheekada "Matryona", Biography ah qoraaga bartaan casharada taariikhda, iyo tan iyo 2009 liiska shuqullada tahay, lagula talinayaa reading, kaabaya "Gulag Jasiiradaha The." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ardayda ka akhriyi version ah aan dhamaystirnayn oo novel ah - yaraynta sheyga dhowr jeer, naag carmal Solzhenitsyn ayaa raajiyey qaab-dhismeedkooda iyo shakhsi ahaan loo diyaariyey daabacaadda.