Muddo Mesozoic. Era Mesozoic. History of Earth

Taariikhda Earth uu leeyahay afar iyo badh bilyan oo sano. Xilligan waxa weyn oo waqti u qaybsan yahay afar cunanta, taas oo iyana kala qaybsan yihiin jireen waagii iyo caadada. Eon Final afraad - Phanerozoic - waxaa ka mid ah saddex jireen waagii:

• Paleozoic;
• Mesozoic;
• Cenozoic.

muddo ah Mesozoic ah Waxay ka dhigan hordhaca ah ee dinosaurs ah, dhalashada biosphere casriga ah iyo isbedel juquraafi weyn.

The muddo ah xilligii Mesozoic

dhammaadka xilligii Paleozoic ay astaan u dabar xoolaha. Horumarinta nolosha ee xilligii Mesozoic waxa lagu gartaa ah ee cayn cusub oo uunkiisa. First of dhan, waa dinosaurs iyo nuujiya goor hore.

Mesozoic socday mid ka mid boqol iyo lix iyo siddeetan milyan oo sano oo ka koobnaa saddex, sida:

• Triassic;
• Jacka;
• Cretaceous.

muddo Mesozoic waxa lagu gartaa sida Zaman ee kululaaneysa ee caalamka. Waxaan ku jirtay isbedelo waa weyn ee ku tectonics dhulka. Waxay ahayd waqti in supercontinent kaliya jira jejebiyeen laba qaybood, kuwaas oo markii danbe loo kala qaybiyaa qaaradood, in dunida maanta.

Triassic

muddo Triassic - tani waa marxalada koowaad ee xilligii Mesozoic. Triassic Waxay qaadatay muddo ka badan shan milyan oo soddon sannadood. Ka dib musiibada, kaas oo ka dhacay dhamaadka Paleozoic on Earth, waxaa jira shuruudo, ma aha oo kaliya sahla barwaaqada ay nolosha. Gaf Tectonic dhacaa qaaradda Pangea sameeyay marno firfircoon oo dushooda buurta.

Cimilada kulul yahay oo qalalan, oo xidhiidh la leh oo meeraha la sameeyay heerarka cidlada iyo cusbo kaydkan ah u xuub-kordhiyaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtigan waxaa jira kasin u dinosaurs ugu horeysay, naaslayda iyo shimbiraha. Siyaabo badan, taasi gacan ka la'aanta ah ee goobaha cimilada kala duwan iyo si ay u ilaaliyaan heerkulka direyska caalamka oo dhan.

The dubato of Triassic ah

Period Triassic of Mesozoic ku gartaa horumar weyn oo dunida xayawaanka. Waxa ay ahayd in muddo Triassic lahaynu noolaha kuwa, taasi oo markii dambe la aasaasay image ee biosphere casriga ah.

Cynodont muuqday - Koox ka mid ah dinosaurs, waa awoowe u ahaa nuujiya marka hore. dinosaurs Kuwani waxaa qariyey timaha iyo wuxuu lahaa daamanka ah horumaray si xoog leh oo kaa caawin iyaga u cuni hilibka cayriin. Cynodont dhigay ukun, laakiin ay haweenka dhalinyarada caano lagu quudin jiray. In Triassic ee asalkiisu ka soo jeedo awoowayaasha dinosaurs, pterosaurs iyo Yaxaasyada casriga ah - archosaurs.

organisms badan ayaa beddelay deegaan biyaha ee cimilada ah oomane. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaa jira noocyo cusub oo ay reer Cammoon, molluscs, iyo sidoo kale laftayda iyo ray-finned kalluunka. Laakiin dadkii degganaa ugu weyn ee badda qoto dheer ahaayeen ichthyosaurs ugaadhsiga in sida horumar bilaabay in ay gaaraan Joogaba, toosaa.

By dhamaadka Triassic ah, xulashada dabiiciga ah looma ogola in ay sii dhammaan xayawaanka muuqday, noocyada badan la tartami kari wayeen kale, xoog iyo si dhakhso ah. Sayidka, by dhamaadka muddada dhulka heysatay thecodonts, awoowayaasha dinosaurs.

Geedaha in muddo Triassic ah

The flora ee qeybtii hore ee Triassic ma aha si weyn u kala duwan ka dhamaadka dhirta ee Zaman Paleozoic ah. In biyaha yihiin noocyada kala duwan ee badan algae, dalka ferns abuur baahsan iyo drevnehvoynye, iyo meelaha xeebaha - dhirta lycopsids.

By dalka darafkiisan iyo Triassic qarsoon cover dhirta herbaceous, taas oo si weyn u fududeeyey ah ee kala duwan ee cayayaanka. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira dhirta group mesophytic. Sagovnikovye dhirta qaar ka mid ah ayaa ka badbaaday in maalinta la joogo. Waxay geed timireed sago sii kordhaya ee degaanka Malay Jasiiradaha. noocyada ugu badan ee dhirta koraan on degaannada xeebaha ah ee caalamka, iyo dhulka Dadwaynaha fiiqfiiqan.

Jacka

muddo Tani waa ugu caansan ee taariikhda xilligii Mesozoic. Jura - buuraha Yurub, taas oo magaca siiyey waqti this. In buuraha, kuwaas oo ku korsiiya ee xiliyo hore ayaa laga helay. Muddada Jacka socday shan iyo konton milyan oo sano. muhiimadda Geographic heleen ay sabab u formation of qaaradood oo casri ah (America, Africa, Australia, Jacaylku).

Kala laba jira ilaa qaaradood Laurasia iyo Gondwana ahaa formation of talgaley cusub iyo badaha iyo kor u qaadidda heerka badda caalamiga ah. Waxa uu saameyn wanaagsan ku Earth ee cimilada, taas oo Rada. Heerkulka hawada on meeraha hoos oo waxay noqdeen dhigmaan cimiladu qoraxda iyo dadka fareen. isbedelka cimilada noocan oo kale ah ayaa kaalin wayn ka qaadatay horumarinta iyo horumarinta dhirta iyo ugaarta.

Xayawaanka iyo dhirta muddada Jacka

muddo Jacka - Zaman ee dinosaurs ah. Inkasta oo noocyo kale oo nolosha sidoo kale waxaad fartaan Wannaagga oo qaatay on noocyada iyo noocyo cusub. Badda ee mudadaas waxaa ka buuxsamay xawayaanka badan, jirka dhismeedka taas oo ka badan horumaray badan ee Triassic ah. meel kasta helay bivalves iyo belemnites vnutrirakovinnye, dhererka oo gaadho saddex mitir.

Waxa kale oo dunida ka mid ah cayayaanka helay koritaanka evolutionary. ah ee ubax dhirta iyo waxa uu ka xanaajiyey ah ee pollinating cayayaanka. Waxaa jira noocyo cusub oo cicadas, kuwa lamid ah, dragonflies iyo cayayaanka kale jidhadhka dhulka.

isbedelka cimilada ee Jacka keentay in roobab miidhan. Tani, markeeda, siiyey kor u qaada faafinta daaqsinka xaqse dushiisa meeraha ee. In suunka waqooyi ee dalka heysatay by dhirta herbaceous paportnikovye iyo Ginkgo. Koonfurta ahaayeen ferns geed iyo cycads. Waxaa intaa dheer, dhulka waxaa ka buuxsamay noocyo kala duwan oo fiiqfiiqan, iyo dhirta sagovnikovye kordaitovye.

Dawn of dinosaurs ah

In muddo ah Jacka ah xamaarato Mesozoic gaadhaan peak evolutionary, kaasoo bilaabaya Zaman ee dinosaurs. In badaha adduunka ka adkaaday ichthyosaurs iyo plesiosaurs Rafaa delfinooobraznye. Haddii ichthyosaurs ahaayeen dadka degan deegaanka si gaar ah biyaha, plesiosaurs ah waqti ka waqti Atmospheric loo baahan yahay.

Dinosaurs ku nool dalka, ka Garaaci in ay kala duwanaanta. tirada u dhaxeeysay 10 sentimitir in soddon mitir, oo iyaga u miisaamay oo ilaa konton ton. iyaga ka mid ah waxaa heysatay by shimbiraha herbivorous, laakiin waxaa jira bahal wax boobaysa. Tiro weyn ee xayawaanka duurjoogta ah ayaa ka xanaajisay formation of geedo daaq qaybo ka mid ah ilaalinta: taarikada ba'an, Sabuul, iyo kuwa kale.

Hawada dinosaurs Jacka buuxiyey, kuwaas oo ay awoodaan in ay duusho. Inkastoo horyaalka ay ahayd inay fuulaan buuraha leh. Pterodactyls iyo pterosaurs kale ee baakado iyo qorsheeyey dhulka ku raadinaya cunto.

Cretaceous

Marka aad dooranayso magac muddo soo socda uu door weyn, taasoo keentay in faar dhiman off xawayaanka, qoraal aan nuurad lahayn. muddo A loo yaqaan Cretaceous ahaa final ee xilligii Mesozoic. Xilligan waxa socday siddeetan milyan oo sano.

The keentay qaaradood cusub u guurto, iyo tectonics Dhulka waxaa sii kordheysa qaadashada foomka yaqaan nin casri ah si ay. Cimilada noqday badan qabow waqtiga la aasaasay saftay tan barafka woqooyi iyo ulo koonfureed. Sidoo kale, waxaa jira kala qeybinta ee goobaha cimilada ee caalamka. Laakiin cimilada guud hadhay diiran ku filan, ka caawiyay by saamayn lagu koriyo ah.

Biosphere Cretaceous

Biyaha ayaa sii waday in ay umuuruhu iyo faafin belemnites iyo xayawaanka qolofleyda, urchins badda ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyey iyo xayawaanka qolofleyda ugu horeysay.

Intaa waxaa dheer, kaydka ah si firfircoon horumarinta tverdokostnym lafaha kaluunka. Aad bay u gudubtay cayayaanka iyo Gooryaanka. On dalka ay korortay tirada vertebrates, oo ay ku jirto boosaska keentay qabsadeen by xamaarato xamaarato. Waxay si firfircoon uga nuugo daaqsinka ah ee dusha dhulka iyo kasta oo kale oo wada baabbi'in. In muddo ah Cretaceous waxaa jiray mas ugu horeysay oo ay ku noolaayeen labadaba biyaha iyo dhulka. Shimbiraha waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan muddada dabayaaqadii Jacka, inta u dhaxaysa jeeso horumarinta baahsan oo firfircoon.

Waxaa ka mid ah dhirta ugu horumariyo ubax. dhirta spore ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka faafinta dhimanayaan soo baxay, taas oo waddada u badan oo horumar leh. At dhammaadka muddada this, gymnosperms si weyn u fartaan iyo noqoto bedelay angiosperms.

dhammaadka xilligii Mesozoic

Taariikhda Dhulka waxay leedahay laba masiibo caalami ah, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida eynu ku mass of dubato ee caalamka. First, masiibo Perm ahaa bilowgii xilligii Mesozoic, oo kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa calaamadeeyay ay dhamaad. noocyada bakhtiyeen ugu firfircoon uga fartaan in Mesozoic ah. In deegaanka biyaha dayn inay jiraan belemnites reer Cammoon, bivalves. Jiheysteen waa dinosaurs iyo xamaarato kale oo badan. Mana aha noocyada badan oo shimbiraha iyo cayayaanka.

Si aad u taariikhda ma jiro wax la xaqiijiyay la xiqiijiyay in ay ahayd kicin ah in eynu mass of dubato in muddada Cretaceous. Waxaa jira versions of saamaynta taban ee saamayn aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo, ama shucaac uu keeno qarax runtan ugu xoogga badan. Laakiin culimada ugu waa dhiiran tahay in ay aaminsan yihiin in sababta eynu ahaa asteriyoodh size Rafaa, oo marka ay ku dhufatey oogada Dhulka lagu sara jawi badan oo walxaha ka soo qorraxda xirey caalamka.