Fikirka ah ee loona keenay. loona Kacaanka. Loona - waa ...

Waxa aan ognahay in ku saabsan loona keenay? Waxaa laga yaabaa in aynu qoto aqoontooda? Ka dib markii reading this article, sida xaqiiqada ah wax cusub oo aad ka heli doonaa.

Sayidka, loona - waa dhaqdhaqaaq dhaqan-siyaasadeed ee stratum gaar ah oo intelligentsia ah, iyo sidoo kale cilmiga fikirka ah Empire Ruush ah, qeybtii labaad ee 19-ka - hore. qarniyo 20th. Ujeedada ka mid ah taageerayaasha jihada this ahaa horumarinta model qaran ee horumar non-raasammaaliyade iyo la qabsashada ay si tartiib ah dadweynaha in ay shuruudaha casriyeynta socda. Loona - waa hab ka mid ah fikradaha taas oo inta badan ka adkaatay in dalalka leh dhaqaale inta badan beeraha ee bakhaarka lagu jiro kala guurka marxaladda warshadaha ee horumarinta (marka laga reebo Russia, waxay ahayd Poland iyo Ukraine, dalalka Caucasus iyo dalalka Baltiga).

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sayniska ayaa soo jeediyay in wakiilkiisa codsaday tacsida ah, lagu hanuuniyey ma aha oo kaliya by dantiisa siyaasadeed reebay degdeg ah -Raaxaysta- (tani waxay ahayd ujeedada dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan wakhtigaas), laakiin baahida loo qabo in gudaha ee wada ah laba dhaqan - dad iyo fasalka bartay. Loona - waa nooc ka mid ah hantiwadaagga lkn oo mashaariic dib u habaynta qaar ka mid dhinacyo badan oo nolosha dadweynaha. faafidda this ifafaale qeyb ka yihiin midnimada ummadda ee ay ka saareen kala class iyo foomka asalka si loo abuuro bulsho hal sharci ah oo dadka oo dhan ayaa ceegaagta.

aasaasayaasha loona

Waxay ahaayeen Herzen iyo Chernyshevsky. Laakiin calaamadaha ugu horeeya waxaa lagu ogaan karaa in shuqullada A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, iyo A. Ya Chaadaev, kuwaas oo muujisay xiisaha weyn ee arrimaha bulshada shuqulladiisa, ee "runta ah ee nolosha." Waxaa halkan ka oo uu leeyahay asalka ay ka loona Ruushka.

Herzen

In 1830 Herzen noqday xiiso Hegelianism, wuxuu aaminsan yahay in ay fure u tahay horumarka bulshada waa in ay ahaadaan rajada horumarka shakhsiga ah, iyo in ay ka gudbaan kibir bulshada iyo ruuxi ah iyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, niyad horumarinta Europe, wuxuu rumaysan yahay in dalkeena, ee tababaray loona keenay in Russia. Herzen arkay ay mustaqbalka isbadal ah ee xiriirka hantida, taas oo ku salaysan yihiin midnimo waa in la muujiyay iyo xubnaha bulshada labada dhinac. Oo kulli intaas oo hadda ka mid ah loona keenay, wuxuu helay ee bulshada. Herzen bogi asal ahaan ka mid ah yaroow ee Russia, ka fog rabitaanka kelinimada ku dhisan ee reer Yurub ah oo ay ku collectivism "caadi ah". mabaadii'da diyaariyey isaga by sameeyey ayaa sal u ah fikirka ah asalka ah ee "hantiwadaagga Ruush".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, dhanka kale, waxaa la kaabayaasha dhaqaale ee "Westernism" iyo fikrad ah horumarka bulshada ku saleysan aaminsan in caalamiyeen ee horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha, iyo sidoo kale bulshada ee waddooyinka horumarinta Yurub iyo Ruush. Marka la barbardhigo fikradda Herzen nabad ee "hantiwadaagga non-kacaan", ayuu idiinma talin ma soo baxay qaraarka dulmiga badan ee arrimaha bulshada by. Chernyshevsky ahaa ogyahay baahida loo qabo shaqo waxbarasho iyo siyaasadeed muddo dheer oo dadka ku dhex si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka ay bulshada waaweyn. Tani waxay tiradaasi dadweynaha si kor loogu qaado fikradaha xoraynta yaroow ka dalkii aan magdhow, tirtiridda ee xafiisyada, laaluushka, fulinta dib u habaynta hay'adaha dawladda, ururka is-dawladda hoose, dhaarinta ee vsesoslovnogo hay'adaha wakiilka iyo abuuritaanka si dastuuri ah. xag badan oo gudaha helay shuqulladiisa uusan wac uma aha shaqo u doodidda muddada-dheer, laakiin fikradda ah oo isbadal ku kacaan ee dalka.

Labadan habab - dhexdhexaad ah (deeqsi) iyo xagjirka ah (kacaan) loona noqday sabab oo ka mid ah laba hadda. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jihada kacaan of dhexe ee 1850 iyo ka hor 1881. Ka dib dilkii of Alexander Emperor ee II (1 March 1881) iyo ilaa qarnigii 20aad, ee hab ugu ballaaran deeqsi ah.

Loona - waa arrin dhaqan gaar ah

asalka ah ee loona waxaa la xidhiidha taariikhda formation of intelligentsia ee Russia. Fikradda raxmad dembiga aadanaha (Berdyaev) ee rinji nidaamka oo dhan miyir dadweynaha ee dalkeenna ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad. fikirka loona isku dayay inuu isku daro xubno ka Westernism iyo Slavophilism. fikradahooda - Jid non-hantigoosi ah ee horumarinta, guurka si collectivism hantiwadaagga Dhawrista bulshooyinka reer miyiga ah - waxay noqdeen go'ay iyo arrin muhiim ah falsafada Ruush iyo dhaqanka. Tani nidaamka fikradaha guud ahaan ka koobnaadaan arrimaha firfircoon ee xaqiiqda, in kasta oo ay utopianism. At qalbiga fiican ee moral - waxay rumaysan yihiin in moral iyo waxa wanaagsan oo badali kara adduunka ka fiican. Populists aan rumeynin Eebe cawaan dhaadhacsan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in fikradaha ay ka helnay on fikradda ah "socialism" iyo "qiyamka Christian."

Dhaggan dhaqdhaqaaqa this la sii daayay ka miyir dadweynaha hoos xukunka dilka ah kiniisadda, laakiin ay weli tahay caadooyinka Christian dhaqan caadi ah. fikirka loona of -Raaxaysta- dhigay difaaca in lagu beddeli karo gobolka liberalism. Xisbiga Libaraalka ayaa arkay masuuliyiinta mucaaradka, si ay boqortooyadu ugu xoogaysato helaa taageerada kaliya in jawi muxaafidka ah, kaas oo ugu dambeyntii soo dag degay iyada dhimasho.

Tilmaamaha iyo isbeddellada

Sida laga soo xigtay heerka xagjirnimada waa distinguished:

• Inta lagu guda jiro muxaafidka ah;
• deeqsi-kacaan,
• loona dhaqan-kacaan,
• qaswadayaasha ah.

garabka Conservative ayaa lala xiriiriyay slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). hawlaha ay yihiin ugu yaraan ku soo bartay iyo wakiil inta badan by shaqada shaqaalaha ee majaladda "Week" Chervinsky P. iyo I. Kablitz.

Wakiilada ee garabka ka mid ah 60-70s qarnigii 19aad deeqsi-kacaan (dhexaadka): Markaasaa Eliishaa ( "Casriga" magazine), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "record Guriga"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov oo kale . Taasoo keentay qadayn ahaayeen Lavrov iyo Mikhailovsky.
Taageerayaasha jihada kacaan bulshada Narodnichestvo madax Tkachev iyo ilaa xad ku qanacsanayn Morozov waxs u qaadida diyaarinta dheer iyo in suntu bulshada. Jiideen fikradda ah dardargelinta, sare u kacaanka.

garabka qaswadayaasha ah ku xujeeysay in baahida loo qabo isbedelka dalka gudihiisa. Populists qaswadayaasha ah Kropotkin iyo Bakunin ahaayeen walaacsan dowladda, oo ay ku jiraan ay addoonsiga iyo xakamaynayaan xoriyada shakhsiga. Sida ka leexatay, waxaa la ciyaaray inta lagu guda jiro kaalinta ugu burbur, laakiin lahaa in aragtida tiro ka mid ah fikradaha wanaagsan.

Kooxaha ugu horeeya iyo ururada

In sano ee 1856-1858 waxaa jiray goobo dacaayad at University Kharkov ah. In 1861 waxaa loo bedelay midowga hoos imaanaya hoggaanka PE iyo PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo ee Moscow yimid. xubnaha Its waa hab oo kaliya inay u beddesho xaqiiqada dhabta ah ee ku hareeraysan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay kacaan.

"Land iyo Freedom"

Ururku wuxuu ugu awooda qarsoon ee St. Petersburg ee 1861-1864 sano ahaa "Land iyo Freedom". xubnaha (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, kubbad cag, Utin, Rymarenko) ku riyoon jiray "shuruudaha kacaanka." Barnaamijku wuxuu of Society ciyaaray kala iibsiga ee dalka beerallayda (qorsheeyay madax furasho ah), bedelka dhammaan saraakiisha saraakiisha la soo doortay, yareynta kharashka military iyo maxkamadda reer boqor. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, raashin, kuwaas oo aan helin taageero ku filan oo dadka ku dhex, iyo iyada oo sababtu tahay ururka kala diray, ka harsan tahay xitaa ma helay adeegyada conservatory boqornimada.

"Ishutintsy"

bulshada Ishutina kacaan koray out of goobada, xubno ka mid ah ururka "Land iyo Freedom" ah. Ujeedadiisa ahayd in la diyaariyo kacaanka ridayeen by goob kooxaha caqliga. In dadaal lagu doonayo in nolosha ii geeyn lahaa qaar ka mid ah fikradaha Chernyshevsky si ay u abuuraan aqoon isweydaarsiyo iyo iskaashatooyin, xubnaha bulshada ka furmay Moscow dugsiga oo lacag la'aan ah 1865, ku qabanaya iyo seminaaro tolidda, sameeyay wada xaajoodka la xidhiidha abuuritaanka bulsho ah, shaqaalaha ironworks Lyudinovo gobolka Kaluga, aasaasay warshad suuf ku saleysan Association ee 1865 ee degmada Mozhaisk. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky baxsado xabsiga la qorsheeyay, laakiin ay shaqada kala gooyey April 4, 1866 isku day dil Karakozov, mid ka mid ah xubnaha ka socda bulshada this, gooyo. Xaaladdan oo kale in ka badan 2,000 oo populists soo hoos baaritaan, 36 ayaa lagu xukumay tallaabooyin kala duwan oo xoog (Karakozov - deldelay Ishutin meeleeyay gabbasho keli ah ee qalcadda Shlisselburg, halkaas oo uu markii danbe u baxay waalan).

"Xasuuqii Dadka"

Ururka Tani waxay keentay by Nechayev wakiil dhaqdhaqaaq xagjirka ah ee loona iyo la aasaasay 1869 in Moscow iyo St. Petersburg. Waxay ka koobnayd 77 qof. Ujeeddada ayaa sidoo kale isku diyaarineysa ah "kacaan dadka". Sergei Nechayev bixitaankii isweyneyn la'aan iyo mabaadi'da, khiyaano iyo kaligii talisnimada ee ururka. isaga ka gees ah si cad u dooday P. L. Lavrov, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay in "qofna waa u halis haddii lagama maarmaan halganka ka khayroon daahirnimo moral, oo waa inaydaan iska daadin kasta hal dhibic dheeraad ah oo dhiig ah." Nechayev waxa loo yaqaan argagixisada, iyo xanaaqii. Waxa uu ka dhaadhiciyay in hababka sida uu noqon doono mid waxtar leh in dabciyeen hab, ku soo dejin doonaa mustaqbal wanaagsan. Ivanov, Hadalkooda Nechayev, waxaana markii dambe lagu soo eedeeyay khayaano qaran waxana la dilay. Police dembi ah oo la furay, iyo madaxa ururka dibadda u cararay, laakiinse waxaa laga helay, xiray oo isku dayay sidii dambiyada caadi ah.

fikirka Tani ma ahan mid aan waxtar lahayn, iyo ka muuqataa fikirka kacaan dalalka kale. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxaan la kulmi loona (XX qarnigii) ee dhaqdhaqaaqa idink oo ka mid ah dalalka dunida saddexaad oo sannado badan si ay u yimaadaan.