Kacdoonkii ee Poland ee 1830-1831: sababaha, dagaal, natiijooyinka

In 1830 - 1831 sano. galbeed ee Empire Ruush ruxmay kacdoonkii ee Poland. War National bilaabay ka dhanka ah asalka ah oo ah jebinta sii kordhaya ee xuquuqda dadka deggan, iyo sidoo kale kacaanka waddamada kale ee World Hore. hadalka ayaa la baabi'iyay, laakiin ay echo oo sannado badan si ay u faafiyaan Europe oo dhan oo lahaa cawaaqibka ugu xeel dheer amaan run Russia ee saaxadda caalamka.

prehistory

Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Poland waxaa LABAGEEDI by Russia ee 1815, sida ay Congress of Vienna ka dib dagaalladii Napoleonic. gobolka cusub ee loo abuuray inay ka khayroon daahirnimo ee nidaamka sharciga ah. Dhawaan la aasaasay boqortooyada Poland ayaa lasoo gabagabeeyay iyadoo ururka Ruush shakhsiyeed. Sida laga soo xigtay xaq markaas Emperor Alexander I, go'aankan wuxuu ahaa tanaasul macquul ah. dalka la hadhay ay dastuurka u gaar ah, ciidanka iyo Cuntada, taas oo aan ku jiray meelaha kale ee boqortooyada. Haddaba Boqortooyada Ruush ayaa sidoo kale soo xirtay horyaalka boqorka Polish. In Warsaw, uu wakiil ka ah taliyaha gaar ah.

kacdoonkii Polish ahayd oo kaliya wax ku xiran waqtiga marka siyaasadaha waxay ku jireen St. Petersburg. Alexander I ayaa lagu yaqaanaa inuu liberalism, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in uusan go'aan ka gaari waayay on dib u habaynta weyn ee Russia, meeshaas waxaa ku yiil meel xoog badan oo ah dadkii ku abtirsan ah muxaafidka ah. Sidaa darteed Boqortooyada ogaadaan mashaariic ay hami in boqortooyadii wadada qaranka - in Poland iyo Finland. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Kuwaas oo ah ujeedooyinka ugu benign of Alexander I dhaqantay deganeyn. In 1815, uu siiyey boqortooyada dastuurka deeqsi Poland, laakiin sameeyey dulmin xuquuqda muwaadiniinta ay dhowr sano, markii ay la isticmaalayo madaxbanaanidooda bilaabay in ay ku riday hadlay a in aan giraangirta siyaasadda of taliyayaashii Ruush. Sidaas 1820, Seimas ma joojin tijaabooyin xeerbeegtida, waxa Alexander doonayay.

Wax yar ka hor faafreeb ku hordhac ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in boqortooyada. Intaas oo dhan waxaa kaliya u dhowaanin kacdoonkii ee Poland. Years of kacdoonkii Polish dhacay muddada qiimaynta ee siyaasadda ee boqortooyada. Reaction boqor ku ahaa gobolka oo dhan. Marka ee Poland halgan for xornimada gobollada dhexe ee Russia ku jireen rabshado daacuunka buuxa sababa cudurka iyo karantiil.

hab of duufaanka

Soo socda si ay awood of Nicholas ma aanan yabooho Poles mar indulgences. The boqortooyada boqor cusub waxuu calaamad u bilaabay la xiray iyo Cadaab ee Decembrists ah. In Poland, ayaa dhanka kale, ayaa xoojiyey dhaqdhaqaaq waddani iyo anti-Ruush. In 1830 ee France waxaa jiray Revolution July taasoo rogay Charles X, taas oo sii faraxsanahay taageerayaasha isbadalo waawayn.

Tartiib tartiib, waddaniyiinta ah ku guuleystay taageerada saraakiil badan oo caan ah Saarka (iyaga ka mid ahaa General doisprezece Hlopitsky). Jawiga kacaan sidoo kale ku fiday shaqaalaha iyo ardayda. Xaqa-Bank Ukraine hadhay badan lagu turunturoodo cadhaysan. Qayb ka mid ah oo polish rumeysan yahay in dalalka ka tirsan iyaga ay xaq, tan iyo markii ay qayb ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kala Russia, Austria iyo Prussia qarnigii XVIII daahay.

Guddoomiyaha boqortooyada markaas ahaa Konstantin Pavlovich - walaalkiisii weynaa Nicholas I, diidnay carshiga dhimashada Alexander I. ka dib markii shirqoolkii The socdeen si ay u dilaan isaga iyo sidaas siin digniin inaad dalka si ay u bilaabaan rabshad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacdoonkii ee Poland si joogta ah dib loo dhigay. Konstantin Pavlovich ogaayeen halista iyo ma ka tago oo uu deganaansho ee Warsaw.

Dhanka kale, Yurub, ka qarxay kacaanka kale - waqtigan Belgian ah. qayb Faransiis ku hadla Catholic dadweynaha Dutch ahaa ay guushu ku xornimada. Nicholas I, kuwaas oo loo yaqaan "gendarme of Europe" waxaa ay manifesto ku dhawaaqday in ay diidmada ah ee ay dhacdo Belgian. In Poland waxaa jiray warar xan ah in boqorkii soo diri doonaa ciidanka si loo xakameeyo caasinimo ee Western Europe. Waayo, shaki qabanqaaba kacdoonka hubaysan ee Warsaw, news this ahaa caws final. kacdoonkii ayaa la qorsheeyay November 29, 1830.

Bilow rabshad

At 6da galabnimo ee maalinta la ballamay koox hubeysan ay weerar ku soo xero Warsaw, halkaas oo ay fadhiyeen ilaalada Lancers. Waxaa bilaabay xasuuqii ka mid ah saraakiisha ku hadhay daacad u ah xoogga Imperial. Ka mid ah kuwii dilay oo ahaa Wasiirka War Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich rumeysan yahay in Pole wuxuu ku qabsaday gacantiisii midig. Guddoomiyaha ayaa qudhiisu ahaa badbaadiyey. ilaalinta ka digay ka boqornimo iska ayuu ku soo orday oo aan muddo dheer ka hor ayaa waxaa u muuqday xulka Poland, madaxiisa dalbaday. Markii uu ka tagay Warsaw, Constantine keenay ciidamada Ruush magaalada dibaddeeda ah. Tan iyo Warsaw ahaa gabi ahaanba ku jirta gacanta mucaaradka.

Maalintii xigtay waxay bilaabeen in shaandhaynta dawladda Polish ah - Golaha Maamulka. Oo dhan ee pro-Ruush saraakiil ka tagay. Tartiib tartiib sameeyay goobo iyo hoggaamiyayaasha ciidamada kacdoonka. Mid ka mid ah ay watteen noqday Lieutenant General doisprezece Hlopitsky, kaas oo si kooban loo doortay kaligii taliye. Inta lagu jiro iska hor imaad oo dhan, inuu isku dayay sida ugu wanaagsan ee uu wadaxaajood uu la marayo hab dublomaasiyadeed oo Ruush, sida aan fahamsanahay in polish ah ma awoodi karo in dhammaan ciidanka Imperial, haddii ay dhacdo in loo soo diri doonaa si loo xakameeyo dhirifka. Józef Chłopicki matalayay garabka midig ee mucaaradka. dalabaadkooda ayaa hoos u dhigay tanaasul la Nicholas I, oo ku salaysan Dastuurka ee 1815.

Hogaamiyaha kale waxa uu ahaa Michael Radziwill. Its meel ayaa hadhay dhab ahaan kasoo horjeeda. Mucaaradka More xagjirka ah (waxaa ku jiraan) qorsheeyay in reconquer Poland, kala Austria, Prussia iyo Russia. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay ka fiirsaday kacaanka u gaar ah oo qeyb ka ah kacdoonka a Europe oo dhan (ay dhibic ugu weyn ee tixraaca ahaa Revolution July). Taasi waa sababta oo polish ah ayaa xiriiro badan la Faransiis ah.

wadaxaajoodka

Warsaw noqday mudnaanta arrinta fulinta cusub. 4 December kacdoonkii ee Poland tegey guul muhiim ah - waxaa la abuuray by Dowladda Ku-meelgaarka ah, oo ka kooban todoba qof. Madaxiisu noqday Adam Czartoryski. Wuxuu ahaa saaxiib wanaagsan ee Alexander I, wuxuu xubin ka ahaa guddiga qarsoodi ah, iyo sidoo kale wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Ruushka ee 1804 - 1806 sano.

Taas oo jirta haddana maalintii dambe Józef Chłopicki isku kaligii taliye. Cuntada ayaa isaga ka gees ah, laakiin tirada hoggaamiyaha cusub oo dadka ku dhex ahaa mid aad loo jecel yahay, haddaba sidaas daraaddeed, Baarlamaanka lahaa u Dumayn. Józef Chłopicki ma istaagi on xaflad cadaawe. Waxa uu ku urursan xoogga oo dhan gacmihiisa. dhacdooyinka 29 November ka dib, ee St. Petersburg ayaa loo diray gor. Kooxda reer Poland ayaa dalbaday in ay dastuurka, iyo sidoo kale faa'iido u ah qaab siddeedii gobol ee Belarus iyo Ukraine. Nicholas isku mid ma ahayn in shuruudahan, kaliya balanqaaday cafis. jawaab Tani waxay keentay in ay kordheen dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan khilaafka.

January 25, 1831 ansixiyay qaraar ku saabsan Boqortooyada Ruush detronizatsii. Sida laga soo xigtay dukumentigan, boqortooyada Poland mar dambe iska titulature Nicholas. A dhowr maalmood ka hor Józef Chłopicki badiyay xoog iyo waxaa hadhay in ay u adeegaan ee ciidanka. Wuxuu ogaaday in Europe ma aha taageero u furan oo polish ah, iyo in loogu tala galay in ay guuldarada of kooxaha waa dhow. Cuntada ayaa ka badan xagjirka ah. Baarlamaanka maray fulinta Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. qalabka diblomaasiyadeed ayaa lagu tuuraa. Haddaba kacdoonkii Polish 1830 - 1831 sano. Waxaa soo jeestay in xaalad khilaafka lagu xalin karaa oo keliya marka si xoog ah hubka.

Miisaanku ciidamada

By February 1831, mucaaradka u suurtagashay in ay soo wac ciidanka oo ku saabsan 50 kun oo qof. Tiradan waxaa ku dhowaad isku aadiyo tirada ciidamada u soo diray inuu Poland Russia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tayada unugyada iskaa wax u qabso ahaayeen aad uga hooseeya. Xaaladda A gaar ahaan dhibaato jiray madaafiic iyo fardooley. Kacdoonkii November ee St. Petersburg diray Tirada Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Dhacdooyinka ee Warsaw boqortooyadiisa steel lama filaan ah. Si aad u xoogga oo dhan ciidamada daacada u gobolladiisa oo galbeed ee column loo baahan yahay 2 - 3 bilood.

Waxay ahayd waqti qaali ah, oo ulihiina ma haysan waqti si ay u isticmaalaan. Józef Chłopicki saaray madaxa ciidanka ma horeysay weeraraan, oo kala firdhiyey ciidamada ay wadooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee ay ku sugan dhulalka ay ka taliyaan. Dhanka kale Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky qortaan ciidamada cusub. By February uu haystay qori jiray oo ku saabsan 125 kun oo qof. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu u sameeyey qaladaad la dhaafi karin. Dagdagi ka qaban dharbaaxo weyn, count ma qaataan waqti si ay u qabanqaabiyaan gaadiid ah oo raashin iyo rasaas ciidanka in ugu danbeyn saameyn xun ku nolosheeda.

Grochowski dagaalka

Ciidamada Ruush horeysay xadka Polish, February 6, 1831. Qaybo ka dhaqaaqay in jiho oo kala duwan. iyo awr ayaa hoos amarka Kipriana Kreytsa tagnay gobolka Lublin ah. amarka Ruush qorsheeyay si aad u sameysato weecinta ah, kaas oo la moodayay in ay ugu danbeyn kala diraan ciidamada cadowga. The kacdoonkii qaran-xoraynta runtii waxay bilaabeen inay horumariyaan sida ay goob, haboon Guud Imperial. Dhowr kooxihii Polish u tageen inay Serock iyo Pultusk, ka go'ay ciidamada ugu weyn ee ay marti.

Laakiin lama filaan ah hawada soo dhexgalay xilli ciyaareedkii. Dhalaali bilaabay, kaas oo looga hortagi ciidanka ugu weyn ee Ruush qorsheeyay si ay u tagaan wadada. Dibich lahaa in la sameeyo markeeda af badan. February 14 ciidamada dhaceen Yuzefa Dvernitskogo iyo General Fedora Geysmara. Polish ah ayaa ku guuleystay. Oo in kastoo ay lahayd ma muhiimadda istiraatiiji gaar ah, guusha ugu horeysay dareemi waxyoonay maleeshiyaadka. kacdoonkii Polish qaaday hubin.

ciidanka ugu weyn ee mucaaradka u dhow magaalada istaagay Olszynka Grochowska, difaacaneysa habab si Warsaw. Waxaa halkan on 25 February ahaa oo waxaa jiray dagaal ugu horeysay waxay degeen. Ulaha amray Radzvill iyo Józef Chłopicki, Ruush - Dibich-Zabalkansky, sannad ka hor inta uusan bilaaban xilli ciyaareedkan noqday sirkaalka wax qora beer. dagaalka ayaa socday maalintii oo dhan iyo dhamaaday goor dambe oo kaliya fiidkii. khasaare waxa ay ahaayeen ku dhowaad isku mid ah (oo polish ah 12 kun oo qof, in Ruush 9000). Mucaaradka ayaa lagu qasbay inay u qaxaya Warsaw. Inkastoo ciidamada dalka Ruushka gaaray guul taatiko, khasaaraha ay kibirka u dhan laga filayo. Intaa waxaa dheer, rasaasta ayaa la shubay, oo kor u qaad cusub oo aan suurto gal ahayd sabab u ah wadooyinka xun iyo carqalad ah isgaarsiinta. Xaaladahan Dibich kuma ay dhicin inay digniin Warsaw.

dagaaleed oo polish

Waayo, ku dhowaad ma guurin labada bilood ee soo socda ciidanka. dagaallo maalin kasta ka qarxay duleedka Warsaw. ciidamada dalka Ruushka ay sabab u tahay xaalad nadaafad masaakiinta bilaabay cudurka Daacuun. Isla mar ahaantaana dalka oo dhan wuxuu ahaa dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah. In weyn ee amarka la mid ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Polish ka Michael Radzvilla maray in General Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Waxa uu go'aansaday in ay weeraraan askartii ka yar amarka gooyo walaalkiis Mikhail Pavlovich iyo General Karl Bistrom, kuwaas oo ahaa in goobta joogay of Ostrołęka.

Isla mar ahaantaana Ciidankii ugu 8000th soo diray si uu ula kulmo Dibich. Oo wuxuu lahaa inuu ka shuqlinin ciidamada ugu weyn ee dalka Ruushka. Ulaha dhaqdhaqaaq geesi ahaa lama filaan ah ugu cadowga. Mikhail Pavlovich iyo Bistros wehelinayeen ilaaladiisa oo kala gurteen. Dibich dheer rumeysan yahay in Poles ay go'aansatay in ay weeraraan, ilaa uu ugu danbeyn ogaaday in kuwa qabsaday Nuur.

dagaalka ee Ostrołęka

May 12 ciidankii ugu weyn ee dalka Ruushka tagay guri ay u gaadhi tagay Warsaw polish ah. Cadaadiska waxaa fuliyey laba todobaad. Ugu dambeyntii waxaa kor loogu qaaday oo leh gadaal Polish ah wax-uqabso. Tan iyo 26-ka dagaalka ee Ostroleka, taas oo ahayd dhacdo ugu muhiimsan ee xilli danbayay. Ulaha wadaago Narew. Ciidamada Ruush xoogbadan ugu horeysay lagu weeraray by askartii a on bangiga bidix. Mucaaradka ayaa bilaabay inuu dhaqso u Dumayn. Ciidamada Dibicha gudbay Ostroleka Narew laftiisa in, ka dib markii ugu dambeyntii magaalada kooxaha ka bariyeelay. Oo waxay u sameeyeen dhowr jeer isku dayay in ay weeraraan weerarka soo qaaday, laakiin dadaalka ay noqdeen wax aan waxba. Heleyna ka hor Poles ku celceliyeen garaaceen askartii ka yar amarka General Charles Mandershterna.

Iyadoo Bilowgii hore ee qeybtii labaad ee maalintii si ay ugu biiraan xoojiyo Ruush in ugu danbeyn go'aansaday in natiijada dagaalka. Oo ka mid ah 30 kun oo polish ah oo ku saabsan 9000 ku dhintay. Ka mid ah kuwa la dilay ay ahaayeen Guud ee Kamenski iyo Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Bilowgii hore ee gudcurka ka caawiyay haraadiga Alshabaab laga adkaaday in ay dib magaalada ka cararaan.

Fall of Warsaw

June 25 taliyaha cusub ee ciidamada dalka Ruushka ee Poland noqday Tiri Ivan Paskevich. In uu hantidiisa ahaa 50 000 oo qof. In St. Petersburg, by Tirada ka dalbaday inay buuxiyaan guuldaradii of polish ah, iyo si ay u niyad Warsaw. In mucaaradka ee caasimada ahaa oo ku saabsan 40 kun oo qof. Tijaabada ugu horeysa xun Paskevich ahaa isgoyska of the webiga Vistula. Waxaa la go'aansaday in ay ka gudbaan kala ooday biyaha u dhow xudduudda ay la wadaagaan Prussia. By 8 July isgoyska ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey. Xaaladdan oo kale, mucaaradka waxba kama caqabado wax horumarinta Ruush, sharad-fiirsashada ee ciidamada gaarka ah ee Warsaw.

Horraantii August, ee caasimada Poland waxaa jiray isku shaandheyn kale. Markan, halkii looga adkaaday Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo noqday Taliyaha in madax Heinrich Dembinski. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo uu is casilay ka dib markii news ka yimid in ciidamada dalka Ruushka mar hore gudbay Vistula ah. In Warsaw, fowdo, iyo fowdo. Xasuuqa ay ku kacaan koox cadhaysan, iyagoo dalbanaya in la siiyo ciidamada mas'uulka ka ah dhaawaca dilaa.

August 19 Paskevich magaalada yimid. The soo socda laba toddobaad la qabtay si loogu diyaar garoobo weerar. unugyada Individual qabtay magaalada dhow ugu dambeyntii in ay go'doomiyaan magaalada. iiriyo ee Warsaw bilaabay on September 6, marka lugta Ruushka weeraray line ee qalcad ah ka taagay in ay ku Xidhaan, weerarka soo qaaday. In dagaalka ku raadiyo ayaa ku dhaawacmay sare Paskevich. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guusha Ruush ahayd mid muuqata. 7 of General Krukovetsky oo ka soo jeeda ciidanka 32000th, kaasoo uu kula soo cararay xagga galbeed. September 8 Paskevich in Warsaw yimid. Caasimadda ah ee la qabtay. guuldaradii ka tagay kooxaha ku kala firidhsan of mucaaradka ayaa noqday arrin waqti.

natiijooyinka

formation la soo dhaafay ciidamada Polish u carareen Prussia. October 21 dhiibay Zamosc, iyo mucaaradka oo laga qabsaday ee la soo dhaafay. Xitaa ka hor in, waxay bilaabeen haajirid weyn oo degdegga saraakiisha caasi ah, askar iyo qoysaskooda. Kumanaan ka mid ah qoysaska ay dejiyeen ee France iyo England. Dad badan sida Yan Skrzhinetsky u cararay Austria. In Europe, dhaqdhaqaaqa xoreynta qaranka ee Poland, shirkadda la Salaamo naxariis iyo raxmad.

kacdoonkii reer Poland ee 1830 - 1831 sano. Waxa ay keentay in xaqiiqda ah in ciidanka Polish la tirtiray. Maamulka sameeyay dib u habaynta maamulka boqortooyada. Gobolka ayaa la bedelay garoonka. Sidoo kale in Poland waxaa jiray guud ah leh inta kale ee nidaamka Ruush miisaanno iyo tallaabooyin, iyo sidoo kale lacag la mid ah. Ka hor inta in, ku-bangiga xaq Ukraine sarkhaansan xoog dhaqanka iyo diinta ay deriskiisa galbeedka ahaa. Haddaba St. Petersburg waxaan go'aansanay si ay u milmaan Kaniisadda Greek-Catholic. "Wrong" kaniisadaha Yukreeniyaan ahaayeen mid xiran ama Orthodox.

Waayo, dadka deegaanka oo ka mid ah dalalka reer galbeedka, Nicholas waxaan u noqday xitaa ka sii badan oo waafaqsan image ah oo ka mid ah kaligii taliye iyo despot ah. Inkasta oo gobolka lahayn ayaa si rasmi ah ma interceded for mucaaradka, echo ah oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka Polish oo sannado badan loo qaybiyey ee World Hore. Muhaajiriinta ka soo cararaya ku samaysay waxyaalo badan oo ra'yiga dadweynaha ee ku saabsan Russia ogol yahay wadamada Yurub inay muuqan bilaabi War Crimean ka dhanka ah Nicholas.