Crimea: taariikhda Jasiiradda. Sidee Crimean ah, oo waa maxay taariikhda dadkiisii?

Sannad ka hor, Jasiiradda Crimean ahayd qayb ka mid ah gobolka Ukraine. Laakiin ka dib markii March 16, 2014, isagoo lagu badalay "meesha ay degan yihiin" iyo qayb ka mid ah Federation Ruush noqday. Waxaa sidaas daraaddeed arrin sharaxdo danta kordhay sida si ay u horumariyaan Crimean ah. Taariikhda saarney waa mid aad u xoqdo iyo aad u daran.

kuwii ugu horreeyey ee dalka qadiimiga ah

Taariikhda dadka Crimean taariikhda dib dhowr tobankii. On Jasiiradda, cilmi-ka heleen hadhaagii dadkii hore kuwaas oo ku noolaa markii ay xilligii Paleolithic. Near la dhigto qadiimiga ah Kiik-Koba iyo Staroselie helay lafihii dadka wakhtigaas deggan yahay aagga this.

In BC ugu horeysay Millennium, Cimmerians halkan ku noolaa, ku brand iyo Scythians ah. Anigoo ku hadlaya magaca quruun territory, ama halkii ay buurta iyo xeebaha qaybo weli yeedhay Tauris, brand, ama Tauridia. dadkii hore ku hawlan beeraha dalka iyo xoolaha beeraha this ma aad u bacrin ah, iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga iyo kalluumeysiga. Duniduna waxay ahayd cusub, cusub oo dhalaalaya.

Gariigta ah, Romans iyo Goths ah

Laakiin qaar ka mid ah dalalka qadiimiga ah aad u soo jiidasho marka la eego goobta waxaa soo baxday in Crimea qoraxdu. Taariikhda Jasiiradda iyo waxa uu u eg Giriigga. Qiyaastii 6-5 qarniyo th BC, aagga bilaabay inuu si firfircoon gumeysato dadka Gariigta ah. Waxay aasaasay gumeysi ah oo dhan, ka dib markii taas yimid gobolka ugu horreeyey. Gariigba ah ayaa iyaga la keenay ay weheliyaan faa'iidooyinka ilbaxnimada, ay dhisayeen macbudyo iyo masraxyada, garoomada iyo bad. Wakhtigan waxaa bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan Dhismaha maraakiibta. Waxaa ka taariikhyahanadu Greek u yeeleen horumarinta viticulture. Sidoo kale, dadka Gariigta ah ku dhex beeray geed oo saytuunka ah halkan oo ku hawlan ururinta saliid. Waa ammaan in la yidhaahdo in la imaanshiyaha taariikhda Gariigta ah ee Crimea ayaa helay wadadii cusub.

Laakiin ka dib markii dhowr boqol oo, Rome ka xoog badan lahaa oo ishiisa dhulka iyo qayb ka mid ah xeebaha qabtay. qabashada Tani socday ilaa AD qarnigii 6aad. Laakiin dhaawaca ugu weyn ee horumarinta Jasiiradda sababay qabiil Gothic kuwa weerareen qarniyo 3-4th iyo iyada oo loo marayo taas oo ka qarxay gobolka Greek. Inkasta oo diyaar ugu dhakhsaha badan lagu qasbay quruumaha kale, horumarinta ee Crimean ah oo aad u badan oo wakhtigaas waxaa hoos u dhac.

Khazaria iyo Tmutarakan

Crimea waxaa kaloo loo yaqaan Khazars qadiimiga ah, iyo in qaar ka mid ah taariikhda Ruush territory this tmutarakani yeedhay. Oo magac-awaalka ah ee aagga ku saabsan oo Crimea ma. Taariikhda ayaa ka tagay Jasiiradda su'aasha kuwa magaca toponymic, oo isku mar ah ama mid kale loo yaqaan qaybtan dhulka ee mass dalka. Laga bilaabo qarnigii 5aad, Crimea oo dhan dhaco sarkhaansan adag Byzantine. Laakiin mar hore qarnigii 7aad, goobta oo dhan of Jasiiradda (marka laga reebo Chersonese) waxa ku sugan Khaganate Khazar, awood iyo xoog. Taasi waa sababta in Western Europe yaqaan "Khazars" helay qoraal gacmeedyada badan. Laakiin Russia iyo Khazars oo dhan soo horjeeda waqtiga, iyo taariikhdii 960-sano bilaabmin Crimea Ruush. Khanate baabbi'iyeen, oo dhan ku xiran Khazar Old lahaanshaha gobolka Ruush yihiin. Haddaba arrintan waxaa lagu magacaabaa tmutarakani.

By habka, halkan Kiev Prince Vladimir, kuwaas oo qaatay Kherson (Korsun) ee 988 waxaa si rasmi ah christened.

Tatar-Mongol raad

Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad taariikhda ah ee badhkood of Crimean mar uu yeesho xaalad militari: Jasiiradda duuleen Mongol-tataarka.

Waxaa la aasaasay Khanate Crimean ah - oo qeyb ka ah Horde Golden ah. Ka dib markii Orda Zolotaya u jajabiyaa, in 1443 on gaca waxaa Krymskoe Hanstvo. In 1475, waxaa si buuxda u dhaco sarkhaansan Turkey. Waxaa laga halkan ka go'an badan weeraro Polish ah, Ruush iyo beero Yukreeniyaan. Iyo dhamaadka qarnigii 15aad, duulaankii uu noqdo mid baahsan oo ay khatar daacadnimada labada State Moscow iyo Poland. Asal ahaan, Turkigu ay raadinayaan shaqada raqiis ah: waxay yihiin dad la qabtay iyo iibinta galay addoonsiga suuqyada addoon of Turkey ah. Mid ka mid ah sababaha loo aasaaso Zaporizhzhya Sich ee 1554 waxay ahayd in ay iska caabin ah conquests kuwan.

taariikhda Ruush

Sheekada suuqa kala iibsiga Crimea Ruush sii 1774, markii Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca la saxiixay. Ka dib markii dagaalka Ruush-Turkish ee 1768-1774 dhammaado dhawaad 300 sano oo saldanad urub yimid. Turkiga ayaa diiday in Crimea. Waxay ahayd waqti this on saarney waxaa ka magaalo ee ugu waaweyn ee Sevastopol iyo Simferopol. Crimea u kordhaysa, lacagta waxaa halkan maal, wuxuu bilaabaa ubax ee deg deg ah ee warshadaha iyo ganacsiga.

Laakiin Turkey ma siin qorshe ay dib u salaysan soo jiidasho leh oo isku diyaarinaya dagaal cusub. Waa in aan bixin cashuur ciidamada dalka Ruushka, kaas oo umana uu oggolaan inay sidaa sameeyaan. dagaal kale ka dib markii Treaty of Jassy la saxiixay 1791.

Go'aanka ula kaca ah ee Catherine II

Sidaas daraaddeed, dhab u saarney a hadda qayb ka mid ah boqortooyadii awood ah, oo magiciisa la odhan - Russia. Crimea, kuwaas oo ka mid ah taariikhda badan oo guurka ka soo qaado gacantii in ay gacan, loo baahan yahay difaac xoog leh. dalalkan oo koonfurta Acquired u baahan tahay in la ilaaliyo si ay u xaqiijiyaan ammaanka xadka. Empress Catherine II aaminay in Prince Potemkin inaad wax ka barato faa'iidooyinka iyo daciifnimo ee badhkood of Crimean. In 1782, Potemkin warqad u Empress, kaas oo ku adkaysta inuu ansaxiyo go'aamo muhiim ah ku qoray. Catherine ogolaado dood uu. Waxay fahamsan sida ay muhiim Crimea ee xalinta dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee gobolka iyo aragtida siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee.

April 8, 1783 Catherine II soo saartay bayaankan a on goysiga ah ee Crimean ah. Waxa uu ahaa dukumenti khaas ah. Laga soo bilaabo in, laga bilaabo taariikhda in, Russia, Crimean, taariikhda ee boqortooyada, iyo Jasiiradda ula isku maran qarniyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bayaan ka, dhammaan dadka deggan Crimean yaboohay ilaalinta dhulka ka soo furtay cadowga, ilaalinta hantida iyo iimaanka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku Turkiga ee goysiga ah ee Crimea ay u Russia aqoonsan bilood oo kaliya sideed ka dib. waagaas oo dhan, xaaladda ku hareereysan Jasiiradda ahaa mid aad u kacsan. Marka manifesto waxaa lagu faafiyey, ugu horreeya ee ay daacad u yihiin Boqortooyada Ruush ugu dhaartay culimada ka dibna kaliya - dadka oo dhan. Jasiiradda diyaarin dabaal rasmi ah, iidda, qaadeen kulan iyo jinsiyadaha faras, xabado ee rashka la siiyey in ay hawada. Sida ay contemporaries xusay, Crimea oo dhan farxad iyo rayrayn, marnay Empire Ruush ah.

Tan iyo markaas, Crimean, taariikhda gaca iyo habka nolosha ee dadka ayaa la kala saari Karin xidhiidh dhammaan dhacdooyinka ka dhacay Empire Ruush ah.

wadadii A awood horumarinta

Taariikhda A Warbixinta Gaarka ah ee Crimean ah ka dib markii badhkood si Empire Ruush ah lagu tilmaami karaa in hadal keliya - "ubaxu dhammaado." Waxaa jira uu bilaabay in uu si degdeg ah u horumariyaan warshadaha iyo beeraha, winemaking, viticulture. In magaalooyinka ka jira kalluunka iyo digsiyo iyo cusbo, iyo dadka si firfircoon horumarinta xiriirka ganacsi.

Tan iyo Crimea waa in jawi aad u diiran oo wanaagsan, dad badan oo qani ah Saarka Russia doonayay inaan halkan ka heli dalka. Noblemen, xubno ka mid ah qoyska reer boqor, soo saarka waxa sharaf ah in laga helo guryaha qoyska on Jasiiradda ah loo arkaa. In 19-aad - horraantii qarnigii 20-aad, waxaa bilaabaa ubax ee deg deg ah ee naqshadaha. Saraakiishii warshadaha, amiiradaha boqornimada, aqoonyahanada dalka Ruush halkan dhismaha daaraha waaweyn oo dhan jebin beero qurux badan oo lagu sii raagayaan on dhulka ee Crimean maanta. Oo markii dadkii ku abtirsan ee Jasiiradda fidiyey fannaaniin, jilayaal, kuwii gabayaaga ahaa, farshaxan, tiyaatar-badn. Crimea ayaa noqonaya Mecca a dhaqan ee Empire Ruush ah.

Ha illoobin oo ku saabsan cimilada salubrious ee Jasiiradda. Tan iyo dhakhaatiir ayaa xaqiijiyay in hawada of Crimean ah waa mid aad u wanaagsan oo lagu daweeyo qaaxada, halkan Xajka mass doonaya inuu ka soo kabsado cudurkan dilaaga ah. Crimea ayaa noqonaya mid soo jiidasho leh ma aha oo kaliya inta ka dhiman Bohemian ah, laakiin sidoo kale dalxiiska caafimaadka.

Wada jir ah ula dalka oo dhan

Bilowga ee qarnigii 20-saarney la wada horumariyay dalka oo dhan. Aan u soo maray, iyo October Revolution iyo dagaalka sokeeye ee ku xiga. Waxa ay ahayd ka Crimean ah (Yalta, Sevastopol, Theodosia) Maraakiibta iyo weelashii ee la soo dhaafay, kaas oo Ruush ka tagay intelligentsia Ruushka tegey. Tani waa meesha waxaa jiray qax ballaaran ee Real Madrid. Dalku waxa uu abuuray nidaam cusub, iyo Crimean ah inuusan ka tagi lahaa.

Waxa ay ahayd in 20 ka mid ah qarnigii la soo dhaafay ka dhacay isbadal Crimea oo dhan-Midowga miciinka caafimaadka. In 1919, Bolsheviks ka aqbalayno "Qadarka SNK on meelaha daweynta muhiimka u ah qaranka." Crimea ku qoran ee uu line cas. Sannad ka dib saxiixay dukumenti kale oo muhiim ah - ". On isticmaalka Crimea lagu daaweyn jiray shaqaalaha" Amarkii

Inta Dagaalku ka, dhul jasiiradda in loo isticmaalaa sidii xalka ugu for consumptives. At Yalta ee 1922 xitaa waxay bixisaa Institute gaar ah ee Qaaxada. Maalgalinta heer ku filan, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan SRI waxaa uu noqday xarunta weyn ee dalka qalliinka sambabada.

Shirka Crimean Epochal

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii Great Patriotic, Jasiiradda ahaa goobta hawlgallada milateri ee weyn. Halkan waxaan ku diriray dhulka iyo badda, hawada iyo buuraha. Laba magaalooyinka - Sevastopol iyo Kerch - heshay horyaalka ee Hero City for gacan weyn ka guushii ay ka gaareen fashiistanimo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhan ma dadyowga deggan Crimean caalamiga ah, diriray dhinaca ciidamada Soofiyeedka. wakiilada Qaar ka mid ah tataarka Crimean ah si cad u taageeray soo duulay. Taasi waa sababta in 1944 Stalin Xukumay masaafurinta of Crimean tataarka baxsan Crimea. Boqolaal tareenada maalin qaadatay quruun dhan ee Central Asia.

Crimea hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda mahad xaqiiqada ah in bishii Febraayo 1945, waxaa lagu qabtay Palace Livadia ah shir Yalta. Hoggaamiyeyaasha sadexda Kooxahan - Stalin (USSR), Roosevelt (USA) iyo Churchill (United Kingdom) - saxiixay Crimea waraaqaha caalamiga ah oo muhiim ah kuwaas oo si dunida waxa lagu qeexaa muddo tobannaan sano qaar badan post-dagaal.

Crimea - Yukreeniyaan

In 1954 yimaado guul cusub. Hoggaanka Soviet go'aansado inuu wareejiyo Soviet Socialist Republic Ukraine ee Crimea. Taariikhda Jasiiradda bilaabay si ay u horumariyaan xaalad cusub. Dadaalka ayaa si shakhsi ah u yimid ka dibna madaxa xisbiga shuuciga ah Nikita Khrushchev.

Tan waa la sameeyey taariikhda ku wareegsan, in isla sanadkaas dalka u dabaal-guuradii 300aad ee Rada Pereyaslav ah. Si aad u xusto taariikhda taariikhiga ah iyo inay muujiyaan in dadka Ruush iyo Yukreeniyaan mideysan yihiin, Crimea lagu wareejiyay buurayn ee Yukreeniyaan ah. Haddaba waxaa dhacday in lagu arko guud ahaan iyo qayb ka mid ah labada ciyaaryahan oo dhan "Ukraine - Crimea". Taariikhda Jasiiradda nichinaet tilmaamay in qorna casriga ah la Suuliyada nadiif ah.

waxa uu ahaa go'aan dhaqaale xaq, ahaa u qalantaa halka ay qaataan tallaabo noocan oo kale ah - su'aalaha noocan ah waxaa xitaa ma u muuqday mar. Tan iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti ka mid ahaa, ninna siiyey ahmiyad gaar ah in Crimea qayb ka mid ah RSFSR iyo sii buurayn ee Ukraine waxay noqon doontaa.

Madaxbannaani gudahood Ukraine

Marka an gobolka Yukreeniyaan madax banaan sameeyay, Crimea ayaa helay xaaladda madaxbannaani. Bishii September 1991, waxa la ansixiyay Declaration of State Qaranimada Jamhuuriyadda. A December 1, 1991 afti lagu qabtay kaas oo 54% dadka Crimean taageereen madax banaanida ee Ukraine. In May ee sanadka soo socda, ansixiyay Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Crimea, oo bishii February 1994 Crimeans doortay Madaxweynaha hore ee Republic of Crimean. Waxay noqday Yuri Meshkov.

Waxa ay ahayd in sannadihii perestroika muran kasta bilaabay inuu marar badan in Khrushchev siiyey Crimea si sharci-darro ah Ukraine kac. dareenka Pro-Ruush ee Jasiiradda ahaayeen kuwo aad u xoog badan. Sidaa darteed, sida ugu dhakhsaha badan fursad, Crimea in Russia ku soo laabtay.

Faynuus March 2014 th

Inkasta oo in Ukraine dabayaaqadii 2013 - horraantii 2014 bilaabeen inay soo baxaan dhibaatada dowladda oo baaxad weyn, codad iyo aad u badan ee Crimean ah in Jasiiradda leeyihiin in ay ku noqdaan Russia. Habeenkii 26 on February 27 by dadka aan la aqoon calanka Ruush ayaa la sara kiciyey badan dhismaha ee Golaha Sare ee Crimea.

Golaha Sare ee Crimean iyo Sevastopol Council City wuxuu qaadanayaa ku dhawaaqo a on xornimada ee Crimea. Isla mar ahaantaana uu ka hadlay fikirka ah in la qabto afti dhan-Crimean. Markii hore, waxaa la qorsheeyey March 31, laakiin markaas ka soo gaaray laba toddobaad ka hor - on March 16. Natiijada afti Crimean ahaayeen cajiib ah: ee Crimea soo biiray Russia codeeyay 96.6% cod. heerka guud ee taageero go'aanka dadweynaha u saarney Crimean ahaa 81,3%.

Taariikhda casriga ah ee Crimea ay sii qaab qaadan indhahayaga hortooda. Aan dalalka oo dhan ay aqoonsan xaaladda Crimea. Laakiin Crimeans rumaysad mustaqbal ifaya ku nool.