Law, iyadoo aan loo eegin dhaxalka. sharciyada Mendel ee. genetics

Sidaas darteed, saynisyahan cilmi K. Correns, G. de Vries, E. Cermak ee 1900 ayaa "amaba" sharciyada genetics, qaabeeyey in 1865 aasaasihii sayniska ee hiddo - Gregor Mendel. In tijaabo ay, cilmiga loo isticmaalo habka Hybridological ah by kuwaas oo mabaadi'da dhaxal ah sifooyin iyo hantida qaar ka mid ah noolaha la diyaariyey. In this article waxaan eegi doonaa shuruucda aasaasiga ah ee gudbinta hiddo, inaad wax ka barato genetics.

Mendel iyo cilmi-baarista

Codsiga habka hybridological oggolaan inuu sii adkeeyo tiro ka mid ah sharciyada, ka dibna, kuwaas oo sharciyada Mendel. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la sheegay caadiga ah ee midayso oo ka mid ah Beelaha jiilka kowaad (sharciga ugu horeeya ee Mendel). Waxa uu tilmaamay in daliilka ee xaqiiqda ah ee F ₁ Beelaha kaliya hal feature, gacanta by hidda xukuma. Sayidka, by gudbaya dhirta of noocyo digir abuur taas oo ku kala duwan yihiin midabka abuur (huruud iyo cagaar), oo dhan Beelaha jiilka kowaad ahaayeen miraha midabka jaalaha ah oo kaliya. Waxaa intaa dheer, dhammaan dadkaas waxay sidoo kale ahaayeen genotype isku mid ah (ahaayeen heterozygotes).

waxaa soddog u ahaa faquuqid

Sii iskutallaabtiisa u dhexeeya xareeyo laga qaadaa Beelaha jiilka kowaad, Mendel helay F ₂ muuqaalada cholesterol. In si kale loo dhigo, phenotypically aqoonsaday dhirta la alleles recessive ee feature imtixaanka (midabka cagaaran oo xabuub ah) ee qadarka saddex meelood hal meel oo dhan Beelaha. Sayidka, madaxbannaanida statutory dhaxalka ogol yahay Mendel ogan farsamo gudbinta sida hiddo xukuma iyo recessive ka ab dhowr ah oo Beelaha.

isgoyska qaybsamaa iyo poligibridnoe

In tijaabo ku xiga, Mendel adag xaaladaha ay fulinta. Haddaba, waayo gudbaya dhirta loo qaaday, sidii laba kala duwan, iyo tiro badan oo ah lammaane oo characters kale. (3: 1) mabaadi'da Sayniska dhaxal badan oo recessive of hiddo iyo natiijooyinka cholesterol helay, taasoo loo soo bandhigi karo by formula guud raacay ^n, halkaas oo n - tirada lammaane oo characters kale ku kala duwan shaqsiyaadka waalidka. Sidaa darteed, ka weheshiga laba-hybrid phenotypically tageynaa ee Beelaha jiilka labaad yeelan doontaa foomka: (3: 1) ² = 9: 6: 1 ama 9: 3: 3: 1. Taasi waa, jiilka labaad ee Beelaha laga dheehan karo afar nooc oo phenotypes: warshad leh huruud ah siman (9/16) oo dhanba, la duuduubku jaalaha ah (3/16), abuur cagaaran oo doog ah siman (3/16) iyo waanuu (qayb 1/16 ). Sayidka, sharciga, iyadoo aan loo eegin dhaxal ka heleen dhaxalkii uu caddayn xisaabta, iyo interbreeding poligibridnoe loo arkay xoogaa monohybrid - "superimposed" on kasta oo kale.

nooc oo dhaxal

In genetics, waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah sifooyinka gudbinta iyo guryaha waalidka carruurtiisa. halkan kala bixiyc ugu muhiimsan waa control feature qaabka qaadeen labada by hal hidda - dhaxal monogenic, ama in ka badan - dhaxal polygenic. Horaantii waxaan eegay sharciga, iyadoo aan loo eegin dhaxal ah sifooyin for Mono iyo weheshiga laba-hybrid, kuwaas oo ugu horeysay, labaad iyo saddexaad waxaa soddog u ahaa Mendel. Waxaan hadda ka fiirsan foomkan sida dhaxal lala. Its salaysan teori waa aragtida ah ee Thomas Morgan, loo yaqaan koromosoomyada. Seynisyahanno waxay muujiyeen in, oo ay weheliyaan sifooyinka kala qaado si farcankaaga madax bannaan, waxaa jira noocyo of dhaxal waa autosomal iyo Amda jinsiga la xiriira.

Xaaladahan, calaamadu yar oo ka mid ah shakhsiga waa la wada dhaxlo sida ay gacanta ku hiddo ku yaalla koromosoom la mid ah oo dhigay soo socda si - mid kasta oo kale. Waxay sameeyaan koox ku xirid ah kuwaas oo tiradoodu waa set haploid siman koromosoomyada. Tusaale ahaan, karyotype ah aadanaha of 46 koromosoom, taas oo u dhiganta 23 kooxood oo ku xirid. Waxaa la ogaaday in masaafo yar u dhexeeya hiddo on koromosoomyada ah, ka yar waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa habka crossover ah, taas oo horseedaysa in ay arrin ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha hidde.

Sida hiddo dhaxlay yaal koromosoom X

Waxaan sii wadi in ay bartaan qaabka dhaxalka, addeecaya aragti koromosoomyada ee Morgan ah. waxbarashada hidaha waxay muujiyeen in dadka iyo xayawaanka (kalluunka, shimbiraha, nuujiya) waxaa jira koox ka mid ah calaamadaha on hab dhaxal in saamaysaa dabaqa gaar ah labadaba. Tusaale ahaan, midabka jubbadda in bisadaha, midabada iyo xinjirowga dhiigga ee aadanuhu ay gacanta ku hiddo ku yaalla koromosoomyada ah X galmada. Tan iyo cilladaha dhiganta hiddo-insaanka phenotypically muujiyey in foomka of cudurada la iska dhaxlo, hiddo u yeedhay. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid hemophilia iyo indho midabka. Furitaanka of Mendel iyo T. Morgan oggol yahay in ay dalban sharciyada genetics ee meelaha muhiimka ah ee bulshada aadanaha sida daawada, beeraha, taranta xoolaha, dhirta iyo sheyga.

Xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya hiddo iyo Xoolahooda inay ka go'an

Iyada oo cilmi hidde oo casri ah, ayaa waxaa la ogaaday in sharciyada madax banaan oo dhaxal u yihiin ballaarinta dheeraad ah, tan iyo ratio ee "1 hiddo - 1 calaamad", salka, ma aha universal. In sayniska waxaan noqday kiis la yaqaan oo tallaabo hiddo-badan iyo isdhexgalka nealellnyh qaababka ay. noocyada noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah epistasis, complementarity, polymers. Sidaas darteed, waxaa la ogaaday in xaddiga Midabka maqaarka melatonin mas'uul ka ah midabka, gacanta koox ka mid ah sifooyin kala dhaxlo. The genotype xriirka ah hiddo-insaanka mas'uul ka ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee Midabka ah, madow ee maqaarka. Tusaale ahaan Arrintan ayaa muujineysa sida cadaanyo polymers sida. In dhirta, foomkan dhaxalka soo jireenka ah noocyada badarka ee qoyska, taas oo badar ah midabayn group polymeric gacanta of hiddo.

Sayidka, genotype ee u shaqeeyo kasta ku jira nidaamka dhamaystiran. Waxaa la sameeyey iyada oo sababtu tahay horumarka taariikhiga ah ee noocyada - phylogeny. Dawladdu waxay of calaamadood ee ugu badan iyo sifooyinka gaarka ah - waa natiijada of isdhexgalka hiddo, allelic iyo non-allelic labadaba, oo ay saamayn ku yeelan karaan horumarka sifooyinka dhowr ah oo u shaqeeyo.