Kacdoonkii Hungarian ee 1965: sababa, natiijooyinka

In xilliga dayrta ee 1956 ka dhacay dhacdo in ka dib markii dayrta ee taliskii communist ayaa loo magacaabay kacdoonkii Hungarian, laakiin ilo Soviet loo yaqaan counter-kacaan caasinimo. Laakiin, ma jiro arrinta sida ay u sifaha qadayn gaar ah, waxay ahayd isku day ay dadka Hungarian hub u rido dawladda pro-Soviet dalka. Iyadu way u timid in tiro ka mid ah dhacdooyinka muhiimka ah ee Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, taas oo muujisay in USSR ahaa diyaar u ah inay isticmaalaan awood military si ay u ilaaliyaan ay gacanta ku hayaan in ka badan dalalka Heshiiska Warsaw ah.

Dhismaha xukuumadda communist

Si loo fahmo sababaha kacdoonkii ka dhacay 1956, waa in ay diiradda saaraan xaaladda qoyska siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee dalka ee 1956. First of dhan, waa in la ogaadaa in lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, Hungary diriray dhinaca naasiga ah, sidaas darteed, iyadoo la raacayo articles of Paris Peace Treaty ee, saxiixeen Xulafada, Midowga Soofiyeeti lahaa xaq u leeyahay inuu hayo arligiisa ciidamada ilaa noqoshada ciidamada shaqo huwanta ka Austria.

Isla markii dagaalka, doorashooyinka guud ee la qabtay in Hungary, halkaas oo Smallholders xisbiga Madaxa-bannaan ee la aqlabiyad weyn codadka adkaaday vac ku communist - Hungarian Working xisbiga dadwaynaha. Sida noqday ka dib yaqaan, ratio waxay ahayd 57% ay kasoo horjeeddo 17%. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ku tiirsan taageerada waa in ay dalka ka mid ah ciidamada qalabka sida Soviet 1947 Vac by musuqmaasuq, hanjabaad iyo hanjabaad qabtay xoog by xilsaarayo xaq u leeyihiin inay xisbiga siyaasadeed ee sharciga ah oo keliya.

Stalin ee ardayga

communists Hungarian isku dayeen in ay la jaanqaadaan oo dhan uu xubnaha xisbiga Soviet, in sababta ay hogaamiyaha Matyas Rakosi waxaa caan ku naaneeso ardayga ugu fiican Stalin ee. Tani "sharaf" ayuu abaal by xaqiiqada ah in, in dal dejinta talisnimo shakhsi, in dhammaan isku dayeen in ay nuqul ka model ah: Stalin ee maamul. In jawi kibir isdabamarin xoog fuliyay warshadaynta iyo collectivization, iyo in fikirka arxan cadaadis nooc kasta oo khilaaf. dalka ayaa dagaalka la Church Catholic ah.

Inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Rakosi abuuray hay'adaha ammaanka awood ah - AVH ah, wuxuu lahaa ciidan ahaan 28 kun oo shaqaale ah kuwaas oo ka caawiyey 40 kun basaasiinta ... Dhammaan dhinacyada muwaadiniinta Hungarian gacanta ugu adeega nool. Sida ogaaday in muddada post-communist, files la furay halkii milyan deggan dalka, kuwaas oo 655 oo kun. Dhibaataysnaayeen, iyo 450 kun. Adeegaya xabsi kala duwan. Waxay la isticmaalo sida shaqada free ee miinooyinka iyo miinooyinka.

In ka howgala dhaqaale, iyo sidoo kale in siyaasadda, waxaa jiray xaalad aad u adag. Waxaa sabab u ahaa xaqiiqada ah in sida saaxiib military ee Germany, Hungary lahaa in ay bixiyaan Midowga Soviet, Yugoslavia iyo Czechoslovakia dayactir la taaban karo, bixinta oo ku dhawaad rubuc ka mid ah dakhliga qaranka tegey. Dabcan, tani waa saameyn aad u xun ku heerarka nool ee muwaadiniinta caadiga ah.

dhalaalid siyaasadeed ee FSAU

isbedelada qaarkood nolosha dalka yimid sanadkii 1953, markii, sababta oo ah failure cad ee warshadaynta iyo itaal cadaadis dhinaca fikirka ka Midowga Soofiyeeti, sababa dhimashada Stalin, dadka uu neceb yahay Matyas Rakosi ayaa casaan ka post ee madaxa dawladda. Waxa uu bedelay shuuciga kale - Imre Nagy, oo taageere u ahaa dib u habaynta degdeg ah iyo xagjirka ah dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha.

Sidaas darteed tallaabooyin qaatay waxa ay ahaayeen joojiyo iyo saamaxay cadaadis siyaasadeed ee dhibanaha hore. amar Gaarka Nagy joojiyo in xirinta muwaadiniinta iyo ka saarid qasbay ka magaalooyinkii ku salaysan bulshada. Sidoo kale, dhismaha qaar ka mid ah goobaha warshadaha waaweyn wax tar lahayn, oo loo qoondeeyay iyaga ay tahay inay si toos ah horumarinta warshadaha cuntada iyo iftiin la joojiyey. Beyond in, dawladaha ay wiiqeen cadaadiska saaran beeraha, hoos canshuuraha dadka iyo qiimo dhimista ee alaabta.

Dib koorsada Stalin iyo bilowgii qalalaasaha ka

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in tallaabooyinka caynkan oo ka dhigtay madaxa cusub ee dowladda Dadka waxaa ka mid aad loo jecel yahay, waxay sidoo kale ahaayeen sabab u ah xaalad xumeyd ee halganka xisbiga gudaha ee vac. Eryay tiir kasta oo madax ka ah dawladda, laakiin si ay u ilaaliyaan oo ay booska keentay in xisbiga, Matyas Rakosi by intrigues qarsoodi ah, iyo oo taageero ka Communists Soofiyeeti u suurtagashay in ay ka adkaan uu soo horjeeda siyaasadda. Sidaas darteed of Imre Nagy, kuwaas oo iskula rajadii ay inta badan ee dadka caadiga ah ee dalka, ayaa laga saaray xafiiska iyo ka xisbiga laga eryey.

cidhibtii of this waxaa fuliyey by Communists Hungarian u bilaabay hogaaminta gobolka line Stalin iyo sii cadaadis siyaasadeed. Waxaas oo dhan ayaa sababay carada ba'an of layers balaadhan oo ah dadweynaha. Dadka si furan waxay bilaabeen inay dalbadaan soo laabtay si xoog ah Nadia, doorashada guud, oo ku salaysan sal kale iyo, daayacay, wax soo saarka dalka ee Ciidamada Soviet. Shuruudan soo dhaafay ahayd gaar ahaan ku habboon, tan iyo saxiixa bishii May 1955, Heshiiska Warsaw ahaa aasaas u ah Midowga Soofiyeeti si ay u ilaaliyaan oo ay wadaan ciidamada ee Hungary.

kacdoonkii Hungarian ahaa natiijo ka timid xaalad xumeyd ee xaaladda siyaasadeed ee dalka ee 1956. door muhiim ah lagu ciyaaray by dhacdooyinkii sano in Poland, meeshaas waxaa ku yiil khudbado anti-communist furan. Natiijada waxa ay aheyd xoojinta ee dabeecadaha muhiim ah ka mid ah ardayda iyo waxgaradka qoraal. Bartamihii bishii October, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dhalinyarada ku dhawaaqdey inay ka baxaan "ayuu Midowga Dimuqraadiga ah ee Dhalinyarada", waa analoogga ah Komsomol Soofiyeeti, iyo entry galay jirey ka hor, laakiin midowga ardayda communist ku overclocked.

Sida inta badan waa kiiska ee la soo dhaafay, ayaa la siiyey wadadii in bilowgii ardayda kacdoonkii. On October 22, ay la diyaariyey iyo soo bandhigay in dalabaadka dowladda ka mid ah magacaabidda Nagy inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasaaraha, ururka doorashooyin dimuquraaddi ah, bixitaankii ciidamada Soviet dalka iyo xasuuqeen ee taallo in Stalin. Calammo la dhigyo sida diyaar u yihiin in ay u dhali ka qaybgalayaasha u qorshaysnaa maalin Banaanbaxa soo socda wadanka oo dhan.

October 23, 1956

israac Tani, taas oo bilaabay in Budapest, si sax ah shan iyo toban saacadood, soo jiidatay ka badan laba boqol oo kun oo ka qaybgalayaasha. History of Hungary Dhawa waxba xusuustaa, si rabitaan siyaasadeed ee loo dhan yahay. Waqtigaa, Safiirka Midowga Soofiyeeti, madaxa mustaqbalka ee KGB ah, Yuri Andropov isla markiiba la xiriiray Moscow oo sheegay in si faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan wax kasta oo ka dhacaya dalka. Waxa uu dhamaaday fariin uu soo jeediyo si ay u siiyaan dhamaystiran Hungarian Communists, oo ay ku jiraan ciidamada, gargaarka.

By fiidkii of isla maalintaas cusub xoghayaha koowaad Erno Gero VPT hadlay raadiyaha leh ciqaabaya ah dibad iyo hanjabaado iyaga ka gees ah. Iyada oo laga jawaabayo, dibad u badnaa loola cararay digniin dhismaha, halkaasna waxaa ku tiil studio baahinta ah. iyaga iyo qaybaha ciidamada ammaanka ee dowlada u dhaxaysa kulanka hubaysan ka dhacay ay sabab u tahay taas oo ay jirto ayaa marka hore la dilay oo lagu dhaawacay.

Ku saabsan halka uu hubka dibad warbaahinta Soviet ku tuhmayso in ay markii hore u gudbiyey in Hungary by hay'adaha sirdoonka reer galbeedka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka maragga oo ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ka qaybgalayaashu waxay muujinaysaa in la helay, ama laga xoojiyo diray si ay u caawiyaan daafacyada ee raadiyaha. Sidoo kale, waxaa la miino ee bakhaarada daafaca rayidka ah iyo saldhigyada booliska qabteen.

Soon kacdoonkii faafay oo dhan Budapest. The Army iyo Division Security State ma lahayn wax iska caabin ah oo halis ah, marka hore, sababta oo ah size yar - waxaa jiray kaliya laba iyo badh kun oo qof, iyo marka labaad, ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in badan oo iyaga ka mid ah bayaan u naxariisateen kuwii mucaaradka.

entry koowaad ee ciidamada Soviet ee Hungary

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaan ka helnay amar in aan dab la furo dadka rayidka ah, iyo waxa ay u diiday awoodaha military in ay qaataan tallaabo halis ah. Natiijada ayaa soo baxay dad badan oo ka mid ah goobaha muhiimka ah ee fiidkii on October 23 ku jirta gacanta dadka: bakhaarada hubka, wargeysyada lagu daabaco iyo Central Station. Xusuusnaayeen khatarta ah ee xaaladda, on October 24, Communists ee habeenkii, ee raba in ay helaan waqti, ee dhawaan la magacaabay Imre Nadya ku wasaaraha, iyaga qudhooduba ka codsaday dawladda USSR la codsiga hordhaca ah ee ciidamada Hungary si loo xakameeyo kacdoonkii Hungarian.

natiijada Daaweynta ahaa hordhaca ah ee soo galay dalka reer 6,500 ciidamada ee dalka, 295 taangiyada iyo tiro badan oo ah qalab kale oo ciidan. Si wax looga qabto xaalad degdeg this sameeyay Guddiga Qaranka Hungarian ka codsaday Madaxweynaha Maraykanka bixinta gargaar military si ay mucaaradka.

dhiigga ee u horeeyay

Subaxnimadii October 26, bax ka dhacay square dhow dhismaha baarlamaanka, saqafka guriga rasaas ku furay, taasoo keentay in dhimashada sarkaal Soviet, oo waxaa lagu dhigay haanta dab. Tani waxay dab laabto ka kicisay, kaas oo ku kici nolosha boqolaal dad banaanbax sameynayey. Warkaan ayaa dhacdada si deg deg ah ku faafaa dalka oo sababay xasuuqii ka mid ah dadka deegaanka oo la saraakiisha ammaanka iyo military ah.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in si loo caadiga ah xaaladda ka jirta dalka, dowladda ayaa ku dhawaaqay cafis ah in ay dhamaan ka qaybgalayaashu of dhirifka, si iskood ah hubka ay hoos u dhigeen, dagaalada sii maalmaha soo socda. No saamaynta on xaaladda hadda jirta iyo bedelka ka mid ah xoghayaha koowaad Erno Gero Janos VPT Kadaroam. Meelo badan, hoggaanka hay'adaha xisbiga iyo xukuumadda si fudud u cararo, iyo in ay meel iska aasaasay dawladaha hoose.

Kala noqoshada ciidamada Soviet dalka iyo bilowgii fowdo

Sida ka qaybgalayaasha haddii ay dhacdo, ka dib markii ay nasiib darro in laba jibbaaran ee hore ee baarlamaanka Ciidamada Soviet ma qaadaan tallaabo firfircoon ka dhanka ah dibad. Ka dib markii war qoraal ah oo ay Imre Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Nagy xukumeen hababka hore "Stalin" hoggaan, kala diridda oo ka mid ah ciidamada ammaanka ee dowlada iyo bilowgii wadahadalo on bixitaankii ciidamada Soviet dalka, dad badan waxay leeyihiin aragti ah in kacdoonkii Hungarian ayaa gaaray natiijooyinka la doonayo. Dagaal magaalada joojiyey, markii ugu horeysay ee maalmahaan ugu dambeeya ka aamusay. Natiijada Nadia wadahadalo kula hoggaanka Soviet ahaa bixitaankii ciidamada, kuwaas oo bilaabay October 30.

Maalmahan, qaybo badan oo dalka ku joogay oo dhamaystiran fowdo. qaababka awoodaha Old ay burbureen, iyo kuwo cusub oo aan abuuray. Dawladdu waxay, kulan ee Budapest, ku dhowaad saameyn ah kuma laha wixii la halkaas ka dhacaya waddooyinka, oo ahaa kaca fiiqan ee dambi tan iyo markii xabsiga wada jir ah ula maxaabiista siyaasadeed la sii daayay ka badan toban kun oo dambiilayaasha.

Intaa waxaa dheer, xaalada waxa sii xumeeyey xaqiiqda ah in Hungarian Revolution ee 1956 ugu dhakhsaha badan noqday xagjir. Tani waxay keentay in xasuuq askari, xubnaha hore ee hay'adaha ammaanka ee gobolka, iyo xataa darajo iyo file Communists. In dhismaha golaha dhexe HWP mid keliya ayaa la toogasho ah ku dileen in ka badan labaatan hoggaamiyayaasha xisbiyada. Oo waagaas, sawirada meydadka la googooyay duulay badan bogagga koobab badan dunida. Kacaanku Hungarian bilaabay in ay qaataan muuqaalada dhirifka "doqon iyo arxan".

Dib-u-galaan ciidamada qalabka sida

xakamaynta ku xiga ee kacdoonkii Ciidamada Soviet waxaa suurto horrayn sabab u ah jagada qaaday dowladda Mareykanka. xafiiska Nagy ayaa balanqaaday millatari, iyo taageerada dhaqaale, Maraykanka xilligan muhiim tagay waajibaadkooda, taasoo ka dhigeysa Moscow si xor ah fara xaaladda. Hungarian Revolution ee 1956 waxaa lagu shiidaa xukumay failure markii shir October 31 ka mid ah golaha dhexe ee ka CPSU N. S. Hruschov ku baaqay in la ansaxiyo oo ka mid ah tallaabooyinka ugu xagjirka ah in la dhiso dawladda communist ee dalka.

On ku salaysan tilmaamo uu Wasiirka Difaaca Soviet , Marshal G. K. Zhukov keentay qorshaha horumarinta faragelin hubeysan ee Hungary, loo yaqaan "Uubo" ah. Wuxuu ku baaqay ka qayb qaadashada colaadaha iyo toban gaashaaman, kala qaybsanaanta kaxaynta gaadhi iyo lugta, iyadoo ay kaalmo ka mid ah ciidamada cirka iyo unugyada hawada. Waayo, fulinta hawlgalka this, waxaan la hadlay oo ku dhowaad dhammaan madaxda waddamada xubnaha ka ah Heshiiska Warsaw ah.

Operation "dabaysha cirwareenta ah" ayuu ku bilaabay la xaqiiqada ah in on 3 November ciidamada KGB Soofiyeeti, ayaa la xiray Wasiirka dhawaan loo magacaabay Difaaca, Major General Hungarian Pal Maléter. Tani waxay dhacday intii uu socday wadahadal lagu qabtay Tokole, meel u dhow Budapest. Gelida ciidamada ugu weyn ee ciidamada qalabka sida, wuxuu ku amray shakhsi G. K. Zhukov, waxaa loo sameeyey subaxdii dambe. Sababta rasmiga ah ee this ahayd codsi ka yimid dowladda, madax Janos Khadar. In muddo gaaban ciidanka qabtay oo dhan goobaha ugu muhiimsan ee Budapest. Imre Nagy, si loo badbaadiyo naftooda, ka tagay dhismaha dawladda iyo qax safaaradda Yugoslav. Later, oo uu khiyaamo si ay usoo jiitaan soo baxay, oo gacangelin lahaa maxkamadda iyo Maléter Pal ah si cad u soo deldelay sidii xadgudbayaasha ka mid ah hooyo ah.

xakamaynta firfircoon ee kacdoonka

The dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee ka dhacay on November 4. In xarunta of caasimadda ah ee mucaaradka Hungarian lahaa ciidamada Soviet iska caabin ah ugu baahan. Si loo xakameeyo ayaa codsatay flamethrowers daran iyo hawadda iyo qiiq. walaac kaliya ee ka gadoodaan beesha caalamka ka dhanka ah tiro badan oo ah dad rayid ah way xajin jireen amarka of qaraxii magaalada waxa ay mar horeba sara diyaarado hawada.

Maalmaha soo socda ayaa la baabi'iyay oo dhan meelo laga heli karo ee iska caabin ah, ka dibna Hungarian Revolution ee 1956 uu yeeshay qaabkii halganka dhulka hoostiisa soo horjeeday taliskii communist. In darajo kala duwan, waxa aanu yaraadaa ka badan labaatan sano ee soo socota. Marka wadan ayaa ugu danbayntii xaqiijiyay taliskii pro-Soviet bilaabay qabqabasho baahsan ee ka qaybgalayaashu of kacdoonkii dhawaan. History of Hungary mar kale bilaabaan si ay u koraan on timmaado Stalin.

Cilmi qiyaaseen in waqti la sameeyey oo ku saabsan 360 xukumay dil, 25 kun. Citizens ayaa lagu soo oogo, iyo 14 kun. Ayaa Of iyaga u adeegaya shuruudaha kala duwan oo xabsi ah. Sanado badan ka danbeeya "daah bir ah", iska jar dalalka yurubta bari ka dunida inteeda kale ahaa iyo Hungary. USSR - fikradaha ah communist dhufayska ugu weyn - ayna daawashada wax walba oo ka socda dalalka ay ka yar uu gacanta ku.