Farsameynta ficilka antibiotics: sharaxaad faahfaahsan

Waxaad dhihi kartaa in horumarka kacaan ahaa helitaanka penicillin horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad. Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, antibiotic ugu horeysay badbaadiyey malaayiin askari ku dhaawacmeen ka septicaemia. Penicillin noqday wax ku ool ah iyo daawooyin la mid ah markii ugu jaban kala duwan ee cudurada halis ah la jabka daran, boogaha septic. Waqti ka, waxaa lagu dhexsameeysmo jirka, iyo fasalo kale ee antibiotics.

sifooyinka Guud

Maanta waxaa jira tiro badan oo ah waxyaabaha ay iska leeyihiin dunida ugu badan ee antibiotics - walxaha asal ahaan dabiiciga ah ama semi-dardaro in ay leeyihiin awood u leeyahay inuu baabbi'iyo kooxaha qaar ka mid ah sheyga pathogenic ama la xakameeyo korriimadooda ama dhalmo. The habab of tallaabo of antibiotics spectra noqon kartaa kala duwan. Waqti ka, nooc cusub oo badalitaan antibiotics. Waa ay kala duwan waxay u baahan tahay habaynta. In waqtigeena, waxaan qabatinay soocidda a of antibiotics si waafaqsan hab ay of tallaabo oo kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale in qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada. Sida laga soo xigtay in ay qaab hawleed u qaybsan yahay:

• bacteriostats, taas oo lagu cabudhinayo koritaanka ama dhalmo of sheyga pathogenic;
• microbicides, kaas oo gacan ka burburinta bakteeriyada.

The farsamooyinka aasaasiga ah ee ficil of antibiotics:

• xad gudub ku ah derbiga unugyada bakteeriyada,
• Iscelin of Avv borotiinka ku jira unugyada bakteeriyada,
• permeability xad gudub ku ah xuub cytoplasmic;
• Iscelin of Avv RNA.

antibiotics Beta-lactam - benisiliinta

Sida laga soo xigtay dhismeedka kiimikada xeryahooda, kuwaas waxaa lagu kala saaraa sida soo socota.

antibiotics Beta-lactam. hab ay of antibiotics lactam tallaabo ku xiran tahay awooda kooxda functional inay xidhxidhaan ensaymes ku lug leh ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee peptidoglycan - saldhig oo xuub dibadda ee unugyada noole ah. Hadaba, waxa dhaxalsiiyeen formation of derbiyada gacanta, kaas oo ku kordhinaya joojinta ah ee koritaanka ama dhalmo bakteeriyada. Beta-lactams leeyihiin sumoobo hooseeyo, iyo waqti isku mid ah saamayn bactericidal wanaagsan. Waxay u taagan yihiin kooxda ugu weyn oo u kala qaybsan yihiin kooxaha in ay leeyihiin qaab kiimikada la mid ah.

Benisiliinta - waa koox ka mid ah walxaha laga deegaanada qaar ka mid ah wasakhahaasi iyo saamayn bactericidal sii daayay. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics penicillin ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in ay ku baabbi'iyo derbigii gacanta of sheyga, waxay iyaga u baabbi'in. Benisiliinta yihiin asal ahaan dabiiciga ah ama semi-dardaro oo waa xeryahooda qaybaha balaadhan oo ah tallaabo - waxay waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daaweeyo cudurro badan oo sababa streptococci iyo ✰Malax mid. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay leeyihiin hantida selectivity by simaha kaliya on micro-organisms, oo aan saameyn ku-shaqeeyo Dhaqale. Benisiliinta leedahay cillado, taas oo ka mid ah dhacdo ee baakteeriyadu ku daraa. Of penicillin ugu badan ee dabiiciga ah G, penicillin loo isticmaalo si ay ula dagaalamaan cudurada meningococcal iyo Streptococcus ay sabab u tahay sumoobo hoose iyo kharash yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waayo aqbalo muddo dheer noqon kartaa difaaca jirka ee daroogada, taasoo ah waxtarkeeda. benisiliinta Semi-dardaro guud ahaan ka soo jeeda dabiiciga by-habeynta kiimikada siiyo guryaha la doonayo - amoxycillin, Ampicillin. daawooyinka waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaqa sare ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada adkaysi u biopenitsillinam.

beta-lactams Kale

Cephalosporins laga helay fangaska ee isku magaca, iyo qaab-dhismeedka ay la mid tahay qaab-dhismeedka benisiliinta sharraxaya falcelin isla kasin. Cephalosporins warsan afar fac. daroogada jiilka kowaad waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo cudurada fudud waxaa sababa ✰Malax mid ama streptococci. The labaad iyo saddexaad cephalosporins jiilka firfircoon ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada Gram-negative, iyo qarniga afraad oo ah walaxda - daawooyinka ugu awooda badan loo isticmaalo in ay saameyn ku cudurrada daran.

Carbapenems wax ku ool ah u dhaqmaan on, bakteeriyada garaam-negative iyo anaerobic garaam-positive. Ay feature wanaagsan waa maqnaanshaha baakteeriyadu keento in daawada xitaa ka dib markii muddo dheer ay codsiga.

Monobactams sidoo kale codsan in beta-lactams oo ay leeyihiin hab la mid ah garoomada of antibiotics, waa saamaynta on darbiyada unug ka mid ah bakteeriyada. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo noocyo kala duwan oo cudurada kala duwan.

macrolides

Tani waa koox labaad. Macrolides - antibiotics dabiiciga ah, kaas oo ay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeedka xilliile ah oo adag. Waxay wakiil giraanta lactone moieties carbohydrate lifaaqan polynom. Laga soo bilaabo tirada atamka carbon in giraanta ay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka daroogada. Kala 14-, 15- iyo xeryahooda 16-membered. spectrum ee ficil of microbes waa balaadhan oo ku filan. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics on gacanta microbial waa iyaga oo ficil la ribosomes, Kuna xadgudub ah Avv borotiinka ku jira unugyada ee noole ah by anada reactions cusub waxaa dheer monomer si silsilad peptide ah. Aruursaday in unugyada habka difaaca, macrolides oofiyo iyo dilka intracellular of microbes.

Macrolides ayaa ugu amaan ah oo sun yar oo ka mid ah antibiotics yaqaan wax ku ool ka dhanka ah ma aha oo kaliya Gram-positive, laakiin bakteeriyada xun. Isticmaalkooda aan arkay reactions dhinaca loo baahnayn. antibiotics Kuwan waxaa lagu gartaa saamaynta bacteriostatic, laakiin at uruuray sare, ay dhici karto inay saamayn bactericidal on PNEUMOKOCKER iyo qaar ka mid ah sheyga kale. Sida hab saarka macrolides kala qaybsan yihiin dabiiciga ah iyo semisynthetic.

Daawada ugu horeysay ka fasalka ee macrolides dabiiciga ah erythromycin helay dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay ayaa si guul leh loo isticmaali ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada garaam-positive adkaysi ka dhanka ah penicillin. Jiil cusub oo ah daroogada ee kooxdan u muuqday in ay 70s ee qarnigii 20aad iyo ballaaran ilaa hadda loo isticmaalo.

antibiotics Macrolide sidoo kale semi - azolides iyo ketolides. Azolide giraanta lactone ee Britain, meel u dhaxaysa atamka carbon sagaalaad iyo tobnaad ka mid eb nitrogen. azolides Wakiilka azithromycin waa qaybaha kala duwan ee ficil iyo waxqabad dhinaca garaam-positive iyo garaam-negative bakteeriyada, anaerobes qaar ka mid ah. Waxaa kale oo badan oo deggan dhexdhexaad ah acidic, sida erythromycin marka la barbar dhigo, oo ku ururto laga yaabaa in ay ku. Azithromycin waxaa loo isticmaalaa noocyo kala duwan oo cudurro ka mid ah neef-mareenka, kaadi mareenka, mindhicirka, maqaarka iyo kuwo kale.

Ketolides diyaariyeen lifaaqaaya giraanta eb saddexaad lactone Keto ah. Waxay yihiin bakteeriyada caado-sameynta yar, la macrolides marka la barbar dhigo.

tetracycline'nada

Tetracycline'nada yihiin fasalka ka mid ah polyketides. Waxaa antibiotics ballaaran spectrum saamayn bacteriostatic. Wakiilka ugu horeeya ee iyaga ka mid ah - chlortetracycline, waxaa go'doonsan dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay mid ka mid ah dhaqamada of actinomycetes, sidoo kale loo yaqaan likaha iftiimeen. A dhowr sano ka dib oxytetracycline ayaa la helay ka gumeysi ee fungus ka mid ah. xubin saddexaad ee kooxdan waa tetracycline, kuwaas oo marka hore loo abuuray by-habeynta kiimikada ee derivative chloro ay a, iyo ka dib sano ah ayaa sidoo kale go'doon ka actinomycetes. Dhammaan daawooyinka kale ee group tetracycline waa taagayo semi-dardaro xeryahooda kuwan.

walxaha intaas oo dhammu waxay la mid ah qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada iyo sifooyinka dhaqdhaqaaqa ka dhanka ah noocyo badan oo bakteeriyada garaam-positive iyo garaam-negative, fayrusyada qaar ka mid ah, iyo protozoa yihiin. Waxay yihiin adkaysi u qabatinka iyo sheyga. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics on unugyada bakteeriyada waa inuu xakameeyo ee geedi socodka of biosynthesis protein. talaabo ee u taagoo daroogada ee bakteeriyada Gram-negative ay gudubtid unugyada by sida- fudud. farsamo ee wax lays of Qurub antibiotic in bakteeriyada garaam-positive weli liidata fahamsan yahay, laakiin waxaa jira warar sheegayay in u taagoo tetracycline ula falgalaan ka udhigo biraha qaarkood ku jira unugyada bakteeriyada si ay u sameeyaan xeryahooda adag. Haddaba waxaa jira farqi ah oo silsilad inta lagu guda jiro ereygu protein lagama maarmaanka u ah unugyada bakteeriyada. Tijaabo caddeeyeen in chlortetracycline ku bacteriostatic uruureen ku filan in la xakameeyo Avv borotiinka, laakiin Iscelin of Avv acid nucleic u baahan sare ee daroogada.

Tetracycline'nada waxaa loo isticmaalaa in dagaalka ka dhanka ah cudurka kelyaha, cudurada kala duwan oo maqaarka, neefsashada iyo cudurada kale oo badan. Haddii loo baahdo, waxay bedeli penicillin, laakiin sannadihii la soo dhaafay, isticmaalka tetracycline'nada si weyn hoos u dhacay, sabab u ah ee iska caabin ah sheyga in kooxdan oo ah antibiotics. door xun by isticmaalka antibiotic sida daro ah in feed xayawaanka, taasoo keentay in guryaha ku daweyn of daroogada hoos ciyaaray sabab u ah dhacdo ee iska caabin in ay. Si aad u adkaado, waxaa la daawooyinka isku dhafan oo kala duwan oo haysta hab kala duwan ee ficil antimicrobial of antibiotics. Tusaale ahaan, saamayn daaweyn xooggan by codsiga isku mar of tetracycline iyo streptomycin.

aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides - antibiotics dabiiciga ah iyo semi-dardaro la spectrum aad u ballaaran oo dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo ay ku jiraan in ku harta Britain ayaa ku aminosaharidov. Waxa uu noqday streptomycin ka aminoglycoside ugu horeysay, go'doon ka deegaanada fangaska ray dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay oo si firfircoon loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo cudurada kala duwan. Sida bactericide, antibiotics ee kooxda ayaa sheegay in ay yihiin wax ku ool ah xataa difaac si xoog leh hoos. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics on gacanta microbial waa formation of bonds covalent xoog leh burburinta borotiinka iyo ribosomes noole yar ee Avv borotiinka ee falcelinta unugyada bakteeriyada. Ma aan si buuxda u fahamsan yahay aminoglycoside farsamo saamayn bactericidal, sida ka soo horjeeda talaabo bacteriostatic of tetracycline'nada iyo macrolides sidoo kale ku xad Avv borotiinka ku jira unugyada bakteeriyada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogsoon yahay in aminoglycosides firfircoon oo keliya xaaladaha laylinta, si ay u muujiyaan hufnaan ku yar unugyada la qulqulka dhiigga masaakiinta.

Ka dib markii antibiotic ugu horeysay - penicillin iyo streptomycin, waxay bilaabeen inay si ballaaran loo isticmaalo in lagu daaweeyo cudurka kasta oo aad u dhakhsaha badan waxaa jiray dhibaato helitaanka sheyga loo isticmaalaa in daawooyinkan. Currently, streptomycin waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu daro jiilka kale ugu dambeeyay ee daawooyinka lagu daweeyo cudurka qaaxada ama sida, maanta cudurada dhif ah sida cudurku. Xaaladaha kale ee loo xilsaaray kanamycin, kaas oo sidoo kale waxaa weeye qarnigii koowaad ee antibiotic aminoglycoside. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay sumoobo sare ee kanamycin gentamicin hadda ka jeeclaadeen - diyaarinta jiilka labaad, qarnigooda saddexaad iyo diyaarinta amikacin waa aminoglycoside ah - waxaa dhif ah loo isticmaalo si looga hortago qabatinka darina sheyga.

chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol ama chloramphenicol, waa antibiotic dabiici ah la spectrum balaadhan oo ah tallaabo, firfircoon on tiro badan oo ah noolaha Gram-positive iyo Gram-negative, qaar badan oo ka mid ah fayrasyada waaweyn. On dhismeedka kiimikada ka qayib nitrofenilalkilaminov, markii ugu horaysay la helay dhaqanka actinomycetes dhexe ee qarnigii 20-aad, iyo ka dib laba sano ayaa sidoo kale ku dhexsameeysmo kiimikaad.

Chloramphenicol leedahay saamayn bacteriostatic on sheyga. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics on unugyada bakteeriyada waa si loo xakameeyo hawlaha geedi socodka samaynta Hannaan silsilado peptide in Avv borotiinka markii ribosomes. si chloramphenicol iska caabin ah in bakteeriyada yeesho si tartiib ah. Daawada loo isticmaalo tiifowga cudurka ama xundhurta.

Glycopeptides iyo lipopeptides

Glycopeptides - a xeryahooda peptide xilliile ah kuwaas oo antibiotic dabiici ah ama semisynthetic la spectrum cidhiidhi ah dhaqdhaqaaqa of nooc ka mid ah sheyga. Waxay isticmaali saamayn bactericidal bakteeriyada garaam-positive, oo badali karto penicillin lacala iska caabin ah, waxa uu. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics on sheyga lagu macnayn karaa by formation of xiriirka la amino acids iyo peptidoglycan derbiga unug, oon ku xakamaynayaan ay Avv.

glycopeptide First - vancomycin, waxaa soo saaray ka actinomycetes, laga soo qaaday ciidda of India. Waa antibiotic dabiici ah in uu yahay mid firfircoon ka dhanka ah sheyga, xitaa in xilli taranta. Markii hore, vancomycin waxaa loo isticmaalay bedelka ku dhacdo xasaasiyadda penicillin in ay daaweynta cudurada faafa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kororka ku adkeysiga daawada uu noqday dhibaato halis ah. In 80 sano waxaa la helay teicoplanin - antibiotic ah ka koox ee glycopeptides. Waxa uu magacaabay ee cudurada la mid ah, oo isku dhafan oo gentamicin, ayuu siinaysaa natiijooyin fiican.

Dhammaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, koox cusub oo antibiyootig ah - lipopeptides ka Streptomyces go'doonsan. KIIMIKADA ay yihiin lipopeptides xilliile ah. Tani antibiotic la spectrum cidhiidhi ah garoomada, soo bandhigista saamayn bactericidal ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada garaam-positive, iyo ✰Malax mid in ay yihiin adkaysi u daroogada beta-lactam iyo glycopeptides.

hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics wayn uga duwan kuwa horay loo yaqaano - foomamka lipopeptide iyadoo ay wada joogaan ee calcium udhigo bonds xoog leh xuub gacanta of bakteeriyada taas oo horseedaysa depolarization iyo carqalad ah Avv borotiinka, si ay gacanta xaasidnimo dhinto. Wakiilka hore ee fasalka ka mid ah lipopeptides - daptomycin.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo daptomycin in la ogaadaa laga yaabaa in heerka la taaban karo ee hawl bactericidal, iyo ugu muhiimsan - la'aanta ah ee cross-caabin ah, ama ugu yaraan aad u gaabis ah ay formation ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in qaab cusub oo tallaabo of antibiotics lagu daro qaab-dhismeedka oo ah walaxda.

polyenes

Kooxda ayaa soo socda - antibiotics polyene. Maanta waxaa jira isxigxiga weyn ee cudurada fangas waxaa adag tahay in la daweeyo. Si loola iyaga yihiin walxaha antifungal - antibiotics polyene dabiici ah ama semi-dardaro. The daroogada horeysay antifungal weli dhexe ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay bilaabeen inay nystatin, kaas oo uu go'doonka ka ah dhaqanka Streptomyces. Muddadan, dhaqanka caafimaad ka mid antibiotics polyene badan, oo ka soo jeeda kala duwan ee dhaqamada fangas - griseofulvin, Levorinum iyo kuwa kale. Waxaan ka helay isticmaalka polyenes horeba waa qarniga afraad ah. Magaca Common waxay heshay in joogitaanka dhowr bonds double in u taagoo mahad.

hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics polyene ay sabab u formation of bonds kiimikada la sterols xuub gacanta ee fangaska. Polyene Britain ayaa sidaas gundhig in xuub cell iyo foomamka Ion banki channel kaas oo qaybaha ah fidin unugyada dusha, taasoo keentay in laga soo reebay. In qiyaasood hooseeyo polyenes hantidaan hawl fungistatic iyo sare - masax. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay hawl aan hoos iman bakteeriyada iyo fayraska.

Polymyxin - antibiotics dabiiciga ah soo saaray bakteeriyada ciidda spore. In therapy, ay la isticmaalo ee 40-mada ay qarnigii la soo dhaafay. daawooyinka kuwani ku kala duwan saamayn bactericidal, taas oo keenta waxyeello xuub cytoplasmic unugyada noole yar dhalinaya ay baabba '. Polymyxin wax ku ool ka dhanka ah bakteeriyada garaam-negative iyo waa sheyga dhif ah la qabatimo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sumoobo mid aad u sareeya xaddidaya adeegsiga in therapy. Xeryahooda ee group this - polymyxin B sulfate iyo polymyxin sulfate M waxaa dhif ah loo isticmaalo oo kaliya sida diyaarinta reserve.

antibiotics antitumor

Actinomycin soo saaray qaar ka mid ah fangaska ray, waxay leeyihiin saamayn cytostatic. actinomycins dabiiciga ah ee qaab-dhismeedka jira hromopeptidami kala duwan acids amino silsilado peptide in loo ogaado in ay dhaqdhaqaaqa noolaha ah. Actinomycin soo jiitaan dareenka oo khaas ah sida antibiotics antitumor. hab ay of tallaabo ay sabab u formation of a silsilado ku filan xasiloon oo silsilado peptide daroogada la DNA labanlaab galool ee noole ah, Kuna xanibeen ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee RNA.

Dactinomycin, taasoo keentay in ay 60s ee qarnigii 20-aad, waa wakiilka ugu horeysay anticancer taas oo uu helay isticmaalo daaweynta ku oncologic. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay tirada badan oo waxyeelo daroogada this waxaa dhif ah loo isticmaalo. Hadda waxaan helay daroogada antineoplastic firfircoon.

Anthracyclines - Wakiilka aad u xoog anti-buro ka Streptomyces go'doonsan. hab ay of tallaabo of antibiotics ee la xidhiidha dhismaha kaxeynayo Woodward silsilado DNA oo kuwanuna waxay silsilado nasasho. Iyo hab labaad suurto galka ah ee talaabo antimicrobial ay sabab u tahay wax soo saarka ee xagjirka lacag la'aan in oxidize unugyada kansarka.

Of anthracyclines dabiiciga ah oo la odhan karaa daunorubicin iyo doxorubicin. Qoondaynta oo antibiyootig ah sida ay farsamo garoomada bakteeriyada iyaga u soocay sida microbicides. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sumoobo sare lagu qasbay in ay raadiso xeryahooda cusub oo lagu diyaariyey synthetically. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa si guul leh loo isticmaalo cudurka kansarka.

Antibiyootikada ayaa muddo dheer qeyb ka mid ah dhaqanka caafimaadka iyo nolosha aadanaha noqday. Thanks iyaga, looga adkaaday cuduro badan, kuwaas oo qarniyo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid aan bogsan karin. Currently, waxaa jira kala duwan xeryahooda, kuwaas oo, taas oo u baahan ma ahan oo keliya kala soocidda ee antibiotics si waafaqsan hab ay of action iyo spectrum, laakiin sidoo kale on sifooyinka kale oo badan.