Fanka iyo Suugaanta ee Renaissance ah. tirooyinka u fiican oo Renaissance ah: liiska

Renaissance (Renaissance) ayaa bedelay qarniyadii dhexe oo socday ilaa kutub ka. Waa muhiimad weyn ee taariikhda Yurub. nooca kala duwan ee dhaqanka cilmaani ah, iyo humanism iyo anthropocentrism (in meesha ugu horeysa waxaa jira nin). Tirokoobyada ee Renaissance ayaa sidoo kale beddelay aragtidooda.

Summary

Waxa asaasay dhaqan cusub iyada oo xiriirka dadweynaha ayaa isbedelay Europe. Gaar ahaan saameeyey iyada dayrta ee gobolka Byzantine. Dad badan oo Byzantines ka haajiray dalalka Yurub, iyo kuwa iyaga la keenay tiro ka weyn shuqullada tahay. None of this ahaa yaqaan in Dr Makumbe Europe, iyo Kozimo Medichi, wacdaro, abuuray Florence Academy of Plato.

Qaybinta-goboleedyada magaalada keentay in badashada ka mid ah fasalada, taas oo ka fog xiriirka dhulgoosadka ahaayeen. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid farsamo, kuwa baangiga jooga, ganacsatada iyo wixii la mid ah. Iyagu ma loo arkaa in ay qiimaha Dr Makumbe in la sameeyey by kiniisadda. Tani waxay keentay in humanism. Under fikradda waxa ay tilmaamaysaa jihada falsafad ah, oo ka fikirtaa ku wajahan bini'aadamka sida qiimaha ugu sareeya.

In wadamo badan oo bilaabay in ay sameeyaan xarumaha sayniska iyo cilmi-cilmaani ah. Waxa ay ku kala duwan yihiin ka Dr Makumbe noqday gooni uga kiniisadda. Waxaa sameeyey isbeddel weyn oo ku qarnigii XV ah, la alifay ee daabacaadda. Tani waxay ka dhigtay in ay ka badan iyo ka badan inta badan ka soo muuqan xubno ka mid ah Renaissance ah.

The formation iyo nasanayay

First muuqday Renaissance Italy. Halkan wuxuu bilaabay inuu muujiyo calaamadihii ee qarniyo XIII iyo XIV. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka uu waqti aan ku guuleysan karo, oo kaliya in ay 20 ee qarnigii XV waxay ahayd awoodo inay soo galaan ah. Dhanka kale ee Europe, Renaissance faafin badan ka dib. Waa dhamaadka qarnigii, talinaysay ee habkani.

qarnigii xigtay waxay ahayd dhibaatada of Renaissance ah. Natiijada ayaa soo bixitaanka of Mannerism iyo Baroque. All Renaissance u qaybsan yahay afar xilli. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah soo bandhigay dhaqankooda, farshaxanka.

Protorenessans

Waa marxalad kala guur ka qarniyadii dhexe si Renaissance ah. Waxaa loo qaybin karaa laba marxaladood. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u socday inta lagu guda jiro nolosha Giotto, kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - dhimashadiisa (1337) ka dib. The ugu horeysay waxaa ka buuxsamay daahfurtay weyn oo wakhtigan ah ayaa la samaynaya tirooyinka ugu qatarsan ee Renaissance ah. Shirka labaad ee lagu qabtay isku midka ah in cudurkii dilaaga ah in cadaabi Italy.

Artists ah Renaissance ee muddada muujiyeen xirfadaha ay inta badan ee farshaxan. Gaar ahaan kala saari karaa Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano iyo Nicola iyo Dzhovanni Pizano. Farshaxankiisa waqtiga wakiil laba dugsi, kuwaasi oo ay ku yaalaan Siena iyo Florence. doorka A weyn ee rinjiyeynta xilliga ciyaaray Giotto.

Renaissance tirooyinka (farshaxan), gaar ahaan by Giotto, bir farshaxankiisa ee mawduucyada diinta lagu daro xiriiri iyo cilmaani ah uu.

In suugaanta, kacaan sameeyey Dante Aligeri, kuwaas oo abuuray "comedy" caanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, oo durriyadii jaceylka, iyada loo yaqaan "Ilaahnimadu Comedy." Sonnets of Petrarch (1304-1374 GG.), Written in muddada helay taageero aad u weyn oo noqday laf Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375 GG.), Author of "Decameron".

tirooyinka loo yaqaan ee Renaissance Talyaani noqday abuuray luqadda suugaanta. Shuqullada qorayaasha, kuwaas oo caan ka baxsan xuduudaha ee uu gobolka hooyo inta uu nool yahay, iyo ugu danbeyn oo dhan ayaa la gudbiyo khasnadihii suugaanta adduunka.

Period Early Renaissance

Xilligan waxa socday muddo siddeetan sano (1420-1500 GG.). Tirokoobyada ee hore Renaissance ma quusan la soo dhaafay arimahan la soo dhaafay, laakiin birta ah ee uu shaqada si ay door biday in ay Qarniyadii hore classical. Tartiib tartiib, waxay ka soo dhaqaaqay Dr Makumbe si mabaadi'da qadiimiga ah. guurka Tani by isbedelka nolosha iyo dhaqanka saameeyeen.

Italy ayaa si buuxda u muujiyey mabaadi'da Qarniyadii classical, iyo dalalka kale ayaa wali ku xayiran in dhaqanka of style Gothic. Kaliya ee bartamihii qarnigii XV ee Renaissance daalaeday galay Spain oo xagga woqooyi ka xigta Alps.

In rinjiyeynta ah, dhammaan ayuu ka sarreeyaa, waxay bilaabeen inay muujiyaan quruxda qofka. muddo Early inta badan wakiil ka shaqeeya Botticelli (1445-1510), iyo sidoo kale Mazachcho (1401-1428).

Gaar ahaan sculptor caanka Donatello waa muddada (1386-1466). In shuqulladiisa heysatay nooca sawirka ah. Donatello sidoo kale markii ugu horeysay tan Qarniyadii abuuray farshaxan ah oo jidh qaawan.

Ugu muhiimsan iyo injineero si fiican u yaqaan ee muddada ahaa Brunelleschi (1377-1446). Waxa uu u suurtagashay in ay isu geeyo Roman iyo Hababka Gothic in shuqulladoodu. Waxa uu ku hawlan dhismaha chapels, kaniisadaha iyo daaraha waaweyn. Sidoo kale ku soo laabtay naqshadaha oo qaraami ah.

Muddada Renaissance Sare

Markan waxay ahayd ubax ah Renaissance ah (1500-1527). Art Center Talyaani waxa uu ku yaalaa ee Rome, laakiin ma aha in Florence caadiga ah. Sababtu waxa ay ahayd cusub ee Pope Julius II. Waxa uu ahaa qof an ganacsiga iyo ka go'an, intii uu ku sii joogayo carshiga le'daan maxkamadda in tirooyinka dhaqanka ugu fiican ee Renaissance u yimid.

In Rome, waxay bilaabeen dhismaha oo ka mid ah dhismayaasha heer sare ah, sculptors badan abuuro masterpieces in ay yihiin alaab dunida ka mid ah tahay in aannu mar. Qoraalka yimaado frescoes iyo sawirada farshaxanka oo furato la Quruxdooda. qaybaha oo dhan waxa ay ku jiraan horumarinta farshaxanka, midba midka kale caawiyo.

Daraasaddu waxay of Qarniyadii hore ayaa noqonaya mid qoto dheer. Oo dhan si sax ah celin dhaqanka ee muddada. Isla mar ahaantaana ay dajiyaan qarniyadii dhexe bedelay playfulness farshaxanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirooyinka ah Renaissance, liiska taas oo ballaaran, kaliya amaahan qaybo ka mid ah Qarniyadii hore, oo aasaas u ah abuurista adiga kuu gaar ah. Waliba waxay leedahay qaababka ay kala gaar ah.

Leonardo Da Vinci

tiradaasi loo yaqaan ee Renaissance ee laga yaabaa inay tahay Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Tani waa shakhsiyadda ugu boosaska badan ee muddada. Wuxuu bartay rinjiyeynta, music, farshaxan, sayniska. Intii uu nolosha, Da Vinci ahaa awoodaan in ay ku been abuuran wax badan in ay qayb ka mid ah nolosha maanta (baaskiilka, baarashuud, taangiga iyo wixii la mid ah) noqdaan. Mararka tijaabo uu ku dhammaaday fashil, laakiin waxa ku dhacay sababta oo ah xaqiiqada ah in qaar ka mid ah war abuurashadoodii ah, waxaa suurtagal ah in ay wakhti ka hor odhan.

Inta badan waxaa ka mid ah waxaa loo yaqaan, dabcan, mahad filimka "Mona Lisa." saynisyahano badan ayaa weli ku eegaya iyada qarsoon kala duwan. Leonardo tegey ardayda.

Dabayaaqadii Renaissance Period

Waxay ahayd heerka ugu dambeeya ee Renaissance ah (ka 1530 si ay u 1590-1620 sano., Laakiin qaar ka mid ah culimada dheerayn in 1630, muran joogto ah kac, waayo, taas).

In Southern Europe, halka dhaqdhaqaaqa waxay bilaabeen inay soo baxaan (Counter), kuwaas oo ujeedada ahayd in la soo celiyo weynaanta Church Catholic iyo iimaanka Christian. dhimeen ee jidhka bini'aadamka oo dhan ma ay aqbalaa.

colaadaha fara badan ayaa keentay in xaqiiqda ah in bilaabay inuu muujiyo dhibaatooyinka fikradaha. Sidaas darteed of xasillooni ee Renaissance ee culumada diinta ayaa bilaabay in ay lumiyaan wada noolaanshaha ka dhexeeya nin iyo dabeecadda, oo u dhexeeya jirka iyo ruuxi ah. Natiijada ayaa soo bixitaanka of Mannerism iyo Baroque.

Nooleenta ee Russia

dhaqanka Renaissance meelaha qaarkood saameyn ku dalkeena. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta ay waxaa xadiday masaafo ku filan weyn, iyo sidoo kale lifaaqa Ruush dhaqan Asalraacnimadu.

taliyaha ugu horeysay, Renaissance ah ay jidka u bannaysay in Russia jiray Ivan III, kuwaas oo intii uu carshiga bilaabay inuu marti injineero Talyaani. Iyada oo ay yimaadaan, xubno cusub iyo farsamooyinka dhismaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacaanka weyn naqshadaha ma dhicin.

In 1475 dib u soo celinta ee Cathedral male ah waxaa ku hawlan by naqshadeeyaha ugu Talyaani Aristotle Fioravanti. Wuxuu hogaansamey dhaqanka dhaqanka Ruushka, laakiin waxa uu sheegay in baaxadda mashruuca.

By qarnigii XVII ay sabab u tahay saameynta ay calanka u Renaissance Ruush noqon macquul ah, laakiin waqti isku mid ah, fanaaniinta raaco oo dhan Buzadag qadiimiga ah.

Soon, Russia ahaa awoodaan si ay u bartaan iyo farshaxan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybinta gaar ah u heshay oo kaliya in qarnigii XVII ah. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah farsamooyinka la soo baxaya ee Europe, iyo si dhakhso ah laga keeno galay Russia, halkaas oo hagaagay iyo qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka noqday. Tusaale ahaan, sida uu sheegay mid ka mid ah la xiqiijiyay, vodka la keeno Italy, waxa uu markii dambe dib u habaynta caanaha, iyo in 1430 muuqday version Ruush ah cabniinka.

gunaanad

Renaissance The dunida siiyey badan oo tayo leh fanaaniin, cilmi, saynisyahano, sculptors iyo injineero. Laga soo bilaabo tiro badan oo ah magacyada la cayimi karo kuwaas oo loo yaqaan iyo inta badan waxaa loo dabaal.

Faylosuufiinta iyo saynisyahano:

• Bruno.
• Galileo.
• Pico della Mirandola.
• Nikolay Kuzansky.
• Machiavelli.
• Campanella.
• Paracelsus.
• Copernicus.
• Munzer.

Qorayaasha iyo gabayaaga:

• F. Petrarca.
• Dante.
• J .. Boccaccio.
• Rabelais.
• Cervantes.
• Shakespeare.
• E. Rotterdam.

Horseedayaashii, Ranjiilayaasha iyo sculptors:

• Donatello.
• Leonardo da Vinci.
• N. Pisano.
• A. Rossellino.
• S. Botticelli.
• Raphael.
• Michelangelo.
• Bosch.
• Titian.
• A. Durer.

Dabcan, tani waxa keliya qayb yar oo ka mid ah tirooyinka ee Renaissance ah, laakiin dadkan u noqday ay shakhsiyaynta badan.