The injineero ugu caansan

Behind kacaya dhismaha kasta dhise. Tani marmar dhif ah soo xusuustay xitaa halka booqanaya caan quruxdiisa iyo asalnimada dhismayaasha for. Dhanka kale, injineero si fiican u yaqaan saamayn horumarinta dhaqanka oo aan ka yarayn wax qora iyo fanaaniinta. Waxay u nuugo fikradaha sabayn hawada, oo iyaga u gacangeli foomka wax. dhismayaasha ayaa ka tarjumaya nuxurka Zaman, iyada niyadda iyo falsafadda xukuma, waa masterpieces. About dadka, iyaga soo bandhiga in ay dunida, iyo in la hoos ku hadli doonaa.

inspirer of hanad

The injineero ugu caansan ee la soo dhaafay derdertay magacyadooda, abuuro dhisme wayn, caan ku ah quruxda iyo qarniyo badan ka dib. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah - Giotto di Bondone. rinjiile Talyaani iyo naqshada, waxa uu ku dhashay 1267. Waxa uu noqday horyaal ah ee farshaxanka muuqaalka ah, aasaaska dugsiga Talyaani ah rinjiyeynta dhigay. frescoes Giotto iyo astaamo u bogi Leonardo da Vinci iyo Michelangelo.

Mararka qaarkood ayuu waxaa lagu tiriyaa la qoray ah del Chapel Arena ee Padua, laakiin cilmi oo dhan ku heshiin. Shaki kuma jiro in Giotto abuuray rijiyeeyay in ay qurxiyaan katedraalka. The saaxir abuurka naqshadda ugu weyn - munaaraddii dawan of Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral Florence ee. Giotto sooma ay noolaan si uu u dhameystiro dhismaha - in 1337, markii uu dhintay, waxaa la dhisay oo keliya heerka koowaad ee dhismaha.

fekeraya weyn

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) inta badan dushiisa liiska "injineero laga xusi karaa dunida." Tababaraha Talyaaniga ayaa caan ku ahaa sculptor ah, Faylasuuf, artist iyo Abwaan. Ka mid ah shuqulladiisa naqshadda u muuqdaan in ay Medici Chapels, Laurentian Library, tolnimo kiniisadda of St. Lorenzo. In uu mashruuca dhisay Roman Palace ee Senators iyo Palace ee xisbiga Konserfatifka. In design ee dhismayaasha kuwaas Michelangelo loo isticmaalo si weyn, waa inuu gacanta iftiinka ka dibna galeen Parma. Naqshadle shaqeeyeen qorshe ee Cathedral caanka St. Peter ee Rome. Maanta Michelangelo waxaa lagu magacaabaa mid ka mid ah sayidkooda ugu weyn ee taariikhda aadanaha oo hagaagsan.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

injineero caanka ah ee Italy ma waxaa loo soo afjaro. Michelangelo loo arkaa bedelka ah ee Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Waxa uu ahaa ma ahan oo keliya muhandas laakiin sidoo kale sculptor iyo rinjiile. Bernini kala duwanaayeen awood u leeyahay inuu isu geeyo dhammaan saddexda nooc ee fanka, la abuuro meel hal muuqaal ah. Oo ay la socdaan Francesco Borromini iyo Pietro da Cortona, aasaaska buu ka dhigay, naqshadaha Baroque ah.

Mid ka mid ah hawlaha waawayn ee Bernini - mashruuca Square Saint Peter ee. Giraarka hore ee ay cathedral caan ah - sidoo kale maaxdey of dhise. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey on dhismayaasha cilmaani iyo diinta. Marka aad la abuuro Bernini ah ee la soo dhaafay inta badan waxaan la isticmaalo ilo iftiin qarsoon si kor loogu qaado aragti ah soo saaray adeegga. Isagu waa qoraaga of badan oo ka mid ah ilaha Roman, iyada oo aan taas waa ay adag tahay in la qiyaaso City Khalqigana maamula.

Palladianets of guri ammaan Adams

Hadda saamiga wareejiyo Scotland ee qarnigii XVIII ah. Halkan 1728 ku dhashay Robert Adam, mid ka mid ah wakiilada muhiim ah oo classicism British. Waxa uu iska lahaa palladiantsev guri ammaan, kuwa raacsan classicism hore naqshadaha. Tilmaamo style qabanaya ahaayeen dhabanada adag iyo isticmaalka Buzadag, aasaasay in muddada Qarniyadii hore.

Adam curiyay leeyihiin far la garan gaar ah. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa fudaydkii iyo xarrago, dhacdo xubno neogothic soo noqnoqda. Naqshada bilaabay wax-u style Adam ayaa. Waxa uu ahaa awoodaan in la isu geeyo waxyaabaha asaasiga ah ee classicism fudayd sida, sidii muddo dheer ka mid ah shuqulladii qadiimiga ah ku noolaa oo ku gartaan si loo malaynayaa in ay abuuray.

Waxa uu ka badbaaday in ay qaab asalka ah, oo kaliya a masterpieces yar naqshadda of Adam. iyaga ka mid ah guri gaar loo leeyahay Kedleston Hall oo u dhow magaalada Derby. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, naqshadeeyaha ugu inta badan ka shaqeeyay Edinburgh. In uu mashruuca la dhisay dhismaha jaamacadda magaalada.

injineero Ruush caan

Oo dalka, oo ku saabsan waqti isku mid ah shaqeeyay Vasily Bazhenov. theorist Architecture, macallinka iyo artist, wuxuu ka fadilay classicism iyo aasaaskii dacayadeed Ruushka dhigay. Bazhenov abuuray qaar ka mid ah dhismayaasha cajiib ah in Moscow iyo St. Petersburg. Mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu caansan ee caasimada ayaa maanta - Pashkov House - dhisay sidii uu design. Ilaa maantadan la joogo ku dhowaad ma ka dhigi ay u shaqayso Bazhenov.

naqshada A koowaad ee St. Petersburg noqday Domenico Trezzini. Ayuu ku neefsaday nolosha cusub Architecture-Ruush, waxaa la keeno xeerka Yurub. Trezzini waa qoraaga of tiro badan oo ah qaababka in la abuuro muuqaalka yaqaan ee St. Petersburg noo. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Palace Summer of Peter the Great, Peter iyo Paul Cathedral, dhismaha iyo toban Kulliyadaha meesha jaamacada waxa uu ku yaalaa maanta.

In St. Petersburg, in sano kala duwan shaqeeyay iyo injineero Ruush caanka Nikolay Aleksandrovich Lvov, Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, Mihail Grigorevich Zemtsov iyo kuwa kale. Ugu danbeysay oo ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa arday Trezzini. Zemtsov noqday naqshadeeyaha ugu horeysay ee Russian ah ee magaalada on Neva ah. Ka mid ah uu abuuray oo uu horraantii Baroque iska leh Church of St. Simecoon iyo Anna, Cascade ah "Gold Mountain" in Peterhof Hoose Park, mashruuca Anichkov Palace iyo gebi ahaanba dhisay ka dib markii dab isbeddelid Cathedral.

injineero Soviet

injineero badan oo caan ah Shaqada iyo USSR. In meel ka mid ah rationalists, madax Nikolai Ladovsky, ku dadaalaan si ay u gaaraan dhexdhexaadnimada qaabaynta iyo darey yimid constructivists kuwaas oo u maleeyay of aesthetization qoral muhiim ah. wakiilada u fiican oo ugu dambaysta waxay ahaayeen Vecino walaalo ah. sumadda A weyn ee foomka of Moscow tagay Mihail Vasilevich Posohin, naqshada hore oo madax ka ah caasimadda ka 60 ee 80 ee hore. Thanks isaga, u muuqday in Palace ee magaalada of miyi ah, dhismaha CMEA, kakan isboortiga "Olympic" iyo wixii la mid ah.

fikrada of style

Home of injineero caanka ah ee aannu mar waa ka shuqullada dhowba la soo dhaafay kala duwan. Haddii style ee yards danbe ee Renaissance iyo jeer casriga ah si loo ogaado arrin fudud, dhismayaasha maanta inta badan isku daro xubno ka jiho oo kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, eclecticism aan ku dhashay vacuum ah: waxa uu ku daray muuqaalada Hababka, kuwaas oo intooda badan yeelatay ee qarnigii la soo dhaafay.

Mid ka mid ah tilmaamaha ugu caansan naqshadaha - teknoolojiyad sare. style Pioneer inta badan loo yaqaan Norman Foster (b. 1935) iyo "Bureau of afar." Wuxuu loogu talagalay garoonka diyaaradaha ee Hong Kong, "Millennium" buundada iyo Gherkin ee London. Inta lagu guda jiro dhismaha isticmaalka ee la soo dhaafay waxa loogu yeero ileyska horumariyo by dhise Ruush Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), kuwaasoo Foster, by inuu ogolaado u gaar ah, waxay tixgelinaysaa inuu ku daydo. Shukhov abuuray marka hore in dhuumaha saliidda dalka iyo warshado sifeeya saliidda. Codsatay iyaga dhismaha dhismayaasha, qolof mesh bir muddo ka dib noqday mid ka mid ah xubno ka jecel oo ka mid ah wakiilo ka teknoolojiyad sare. dhismaha Bureau Foster-loogu talagalay in Russia: dib u dhiska ah ee jasiiradda New Holland, hadda ka yar yahay dhismaha MIBC "Moscow-City".

In dabeecadda la

Marka la barbardhigo ah farsmada hi, ammaanaya weynaanta horumarka farsamada, style ka mid ah dalabyada bio casriga ah-si loo abuuro dhismayaasha, ma tartamaya dabeecadda, iyo si ay u sii wadaan. injineero badan ayaa si fiican u yaqaan ee maanta Amaanay fikrad this. Aasaasihii waxaa loo arkaa inay qaab Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Inta badan shuqullada naqshadeeyaha ugu caansan Spain ku taala Barcelona. Shuqulkiisa - Güell Palace, Casa Mila, Casa Batllo - waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la isku qaldo waxba. Waxay u muuqatay in ay ku noolaadaan iyo guurto. waxyoonay ee odayga ahaa nooca. Sidaa awgeed, isbeddello gaarka ah ee dhismayaasha, la'aanta ah ee khadadka si toos ah, qaabab aan caadi ahayn iyo images. In uu mashruuca weli waa u simanahay aniga guriga Family Quduuska ah, dusha u eg qalcaddii ciid ah.

Wixii la doonayay oo midnimo leh dabeecadda - sifo ah in lagu tilmaamay mashaariicda ee injineero caan ah kuwaas oo waxaa loo arkaa kuwa raacsan ee Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wuxuu waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu saameynta badan naqshadaha qalaad. Reith abuuray fikirka ah "naqshadaha organic." Fikradaha dhexe ee aragtida ah ayaa ku sharafta iyo midnimada leh dabeecadda. Dhismayaasha by Wright, waa in la sii wado deegaanka dabiiciga ah, waxay calaamad u ah qorshaha-furan, isticmaalka alaabta dabiiciga ah, sifooyinka design ka macbudyo Japanese qadiimiga amaahatay.

Modernismen iyo functionalism

No tirada yar waa Le Korbyuze ah (1887-1965). Curiyay iyo shuqullada naqshadeeyaha ugu Faransiis dunida siiyey naqshadaha casri iyo functionalism. Dhismayaasha dhisay Le Korbyuze ma aha wax adag si ay u bartaan. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa unugyada volumetric, kiciyey dhulka kor ku xusan, saqaf fidsan, terraces, Acraafku viewed, ee loo yaqaan qaab xor ah. Tilmaamo Kuwaas oo dhan si dhakhso ah u noqdaan qayb muhiim ah oo naqshadda dhismaha casriga ah.

Dabcan, liiska kor ku xusan ma aha injineero oo dhan si fiican u yaqaan. Sheeko waa mid aad u dheer, oo liiska waxaa si joogto ah updated. injineero caanka ah ee waqtiga aan ku nool nahay, inta badan muujin curiyay sayidkooda ee la soo dhaafay, Dulmi dayacay.