Tusaalooyinka mashiinada of Hababka kala duwan. tusaalooyin asalka ah ee naqshadaha cusub

naqshadaha World horumariyo hoos imanaya sharciyada kiniisadda xukuma. dhismayaasha bulshada Residential eegay ilaa xad suubban, halka macbudka ku dhuftay inuu nolosah dhaw. In qarniyadii dhexe kiniisadda lahaa hab badan in wadaadada sare ka gobolka helay, marka lagu daro, deeqaha dadka soo socda khasnadda kiniisadda. Iyada oo lacag this, iyo kaniisadaha la dhisay oo dhan Russia. Tusaalooyinka naqshadaha rayidka ah ee wakhtigaas ayaa dad badan waxaa loo doonayaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo qarnigii 18aad, xaaladda qoto dheer bedelay. Kaniisadaha iyo cathedrals la dhisay horeba aan raaxo aan loo baahnayn, laakiin xaafadaha degay, boqorku wuxuu ku guryo dalka iyo xitaa dhismeyaal meelaha ugaarsiga sharaf weyn u ku daray in ay dib uhabaynta iyo qurux. guryaha Style, naqshadaha dhismayaasha, waddooyinka iyo meelaha wareegga ayaa si joogto ah hagaagtay. Horseedayaashii loo arkaa dadka ugu ixtiraamo.

style Gothic Hore

tusaalooyinka gaarka ah ee naqshadaha qadiimiga ah - cathedral ah, taas oo la dhisay qarnigii 12-bartamihii ee gobollada waqooyiga ee France. The cathedral Gothic ugu weyn ee la dhisay ee Amiens, in 1220. Later cathedral isla Gothic dhisay magaalada Jarmal ee Cologne, dhismaha ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyey 1248.

Mawqifkaa waxaa la Gothic ee 12 - qarniyo 14 horumariyo iyo naqshadaha Romanesque ee qarniyadii dhexe. injineero Talyaani in Wadda dhismo leh oo ay derbiyo dhumucdiisuna cajiib ah, guriga waa halkii sida qalcaddayda a. Tusaalooyinka naqshadaha Romanesque - dhismaha a eg qalcad military. tier hoose ayaa si gaar ah xoog, asaasiga, dabaqa labaad ka koobnaa munaaradaha iyo ka dhisteen, wareega iyo qaab qorshe, waaweyn iyo kuwo yaryar. All munaaradaha ahaayeen cidhiidhi ah, daaqadaha sare, qaabeeya sida dagaaleed. naqshadaha Romanesque ee qarniyadii dhexe ilaa uu waqti. beelaha dagaallamaya suulkiisii loo baahan yahay ma noqon karaan kuwo ku habboon badbaadinta wax ku ool ah ka weerarada cadowga, iyo qalcadaha qalcaddii qoyska ujeedadaas.

naqshadaha qadiimiga ah

Waqtiyadii hore, wax badan oo dareenka ayaa lagu bixiyey in dhismaha dhismayaasha dadweynaha. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen dhismayaasha grand loogu talagalay ururka of mass shows. forum Roman, loogu talagalay tobanaan kun oo daawadayaal, agora Greek qadiimiga, waa meel weyn oo furan ka buuxiyey dad on a maalin walba, iyo saanacyadii iyo baayacmushtariyadii. naqshadaha ee qadiimiga Masar ahaa si weyn u kala duwan ka Roman ah, ugu horreeya oo dhan, in Masriyiintii marnaba badnaa oo tirola'aanta ururiyey hal meel. taariikhda dalka Masar habaysan BC qarnigii 15aad, markii naqshadaha ahaa ee dabiiciga ah ee shuruud leh. Dhismayaasha ayaa dhisay shamiindo iyo kululeeyay cas. About Hababka waxba lagu yaqaanay in ay Masriyiintii qadiimiga ma ahaayeen walaacsan Attam dhismayaasha iyo sida loo dhiso guryo sare si looga fogaado in daadad ka daadadka ee Nile.

lagu xirayo

naqshadaha ee Giriigga ee hore u ahayd qaybta ugu diiradda lagu saaray dhismaha dhismayaasha macbudka, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay soo gaareen our time. Tartiib tartiib u noqday Hababka naqshadda dhowr muuqata:

• Doric - Maqaallo fudud, noocyo xoog badan, xataa qaar ka mid ah ay-darrada. columns Doric yihiin iyo biibiilaha dushiisa, grooves qoto dheer, ka salka hoose si taajajkii kordhin. The khadadka siman on Doric - architrave this, kaas oo isku xira khaanadda heerka abacus ah, top kordhiyay frieze ka kooban laba lakab - triglyphs iyo metopes. All foomka entablement wada oo surmounts gezimsom, cornice la protrusion aragba weyn.

• Si Madbacada qaranka - marka loo eego tirada Doric ponderous kala duwan si fudud. calaamada ugu weyn ee ay leeyihiin si Madbacada qaranka waa caasimadda ah ee Suul volute double column-qaabeeya loogu talagalay hoos. Si Madbacada qaranka waxaa loo arkaa style ah naqshadda haweenka, sida uu safeeyey iyo ku daray qurxinta. Waxaa jiray si VI qarnigii BC ah, in Ionia, xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee Badda Aegean ka. qarnigii A ka dib, waxa ay ku fidaa oo dhan Giriigii hore. dhismaha ugu weyn ee style Madbacada qaranka - waa inuu yahay macbudka ilaahadda Hera jasiiradda of Samos, dhisay 570 BCE oo waxaa ugu dhaqsaha badan burburiyey dhulgariirkii. Oo dhismihii ugu iminka si Madbacada qaranka waa macbudka Di'anada Efesos - mid ka mid ah "todobada mucjiso ee dunida ka."

• Si Korintos - ugu dambeeyey, ka duwan kuwooda buuqa kale oo gaar ah. Tiirar in u-ekaanta iyo entablature eg astaamaha si Madbacada qaranka, laakiin abacus iyo magaalada waa kuwo kala duwan. Korintos style ka buuxa madaxtooyada, caasimadaha ay goob joog naqshado ubax on wareega jira laba saf oo caleemo acanthus. Capital sidoo kale waa hubaal volyutok badan u ekaayeen ubax.

"Palladianstva"

qarnigii 18-Early ay astaan u ah ee isbedel cusub ee dhaqanka dunida - classicism. qaab joogto ah, qiyaas iyo Joogaba, cad - waxay ahaayeen qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee classicism naqshadda. raacsane A aamin of style qadiimiga ah naqshadda dhismaha macbudka, Palladio ninkii uguurtay la ardayga Scamozzi caddayn uu aragti of classicism qadiimiga ah. Madhabta ayaa loo yaqaan "palladianstva" oo noqday si weyn loo isticmaalaa in dhismaha guryaha gaarka loo leeyahay. Style "classicism" naqshadaha cadeeyay inuu yahay teknoolajiyada sare iyo user-saaxiibtinimo la eego design iyo dhismaha dhismayaasha.

Marxaladaha naqshadaha "Baroque"

Sida ka leexatay, kharashka dhismayaasha ka taagay in qaab cusub, waxay ahayd si weyn u hooseeya. Dhismayaasha ku kala duwan yihiin jaho, "cream Darwiish" wax dambe Baroque ee la soo dhaafay, iyadoo ay ka kooban classicism-axial symmetrical iyo xakamaynta sharaf of decoration waxaa lagu helo taageerayaasha. connoisseurs Yurub ee masterpieces naqshadda ahaayeen diyaar u ah inay ka tanaasulaan ku baroque iyo rococo ay guushu ku Rugta, qoraallada ee tacliimeed, adag iyo xarrago classicism.

Isla, dhowr guryaha la dhisay hoos jihada ee Andrea Palladio, ugu caansan oo ahayd hoygii boqorka ah "Rotonda" u dhow Vicenza. Style "classicism" si deg deg ah helay taageero naqshadaha. Paris waxaa macno ahaan daadadku leh dhismaha. Under Louis XV taagay kaxeynayo naqshadda oo dhan, sida Concorde ah. Iyo inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Louis XVI "classicism rayadka" waxa ay noqotay isbeddel weyn naqshadaha magaalooyinka. Ka dib markii fulinta ee King Faransiis iyo markii la afgembiyey Boqortooyada ee 1793 ee Paris muddo dheer dhisay kala sooc lahayn iyo muujiso.

style The naqshadda ee Empire ah

In classicism qarnigii 18-ka goor dambe wuxuu bilaabay inuu hoos, loo baahan yahay dayactirka dhaqanka oo dhan guud ahaan iyo naqshadaha sida qaybo ka kooban ay.

In meel of classicism yimid style cusub ee farshaxanka iyo naqshadaha, loo yaqaan Empire, kaas oo asalkiisu ka soo jeedo oo loo sameeyay France, inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Napoleon I. bixitaanka ee isbedel cusub ay ahayd sabab in qayb aan yarayn si ay sababo siyaasadeed. Dowladda Napoleon Bonaparte isku dayeen in ay soo rogaan ay wax-u style u gaar ah "Imperial" ee naqshadaha, markayse u caddaatay in classicism waxaa soo socda in ku dhow ah. Sidee weyn leh ereyada Empire iyo dhammaan qaababka kale ee naqshadaha qarnigii 19aad ku haboon si fiican u galay agglomerates madaxtooyada, laakiin xooga weli waa on the "boqornimada" jihada.

In ka naqshadaha Ruush Empire muuqday inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Alexander I, kuwaas oo daacad u ah dhaqanka Faransiis, una Malaynaysaan wax istaahila oo xaasidnimo. La yaab ma laha gooyo casuumay naqshada ka France, Auguste Montferrand, waayo, kacsiga ee Cathedral caanka St. Isxaaq. Style naqshadaha - Empire - ma ahaa uniform in qaabka, waxaa waxaa loo kala qaybiyey St. Petersburg iyo Moscow oo socday ilaa qarnigii 19-ka. Waxa intaa dheer in Cathedral St. Isxaaq, dhisay 1858, ee St. Petersburg jiro masterpiece kale ee style "boqornimada" waa Kazan Cathedral Andrei Voronikhin, iyo in Moscow "Triumphal halka". style Ruush naqshadaha Empire - muddo sanad iyo soddon, dhismaha masterpieces dhab ah.

soo jiidashada Architectural ee St. Petersburg

Mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu caansan ee dunida ka mid ah muhiimadda naqshadda waa magaaladii St. Petersburg, Northern Capital reer Russia. Sababo la sii socodka ah ee waayo-aragnimo Ruush iyo Western qorshaynta magaalooyinka Yurub XVIII ah - XIX qarniyo, ee St. Petersburg, conglomerate gaar ah waxaa la aasaasay. magaalada waxaa wakiil shan iyo toban Hababka naqshadda kala duwan, polyphony habboonaanta taas oo sawir gaar ah kulan ee muddo dhowr taariikhiga ah mid. Xuduudaha xilliyo aan si cad loo calaamadeeyaa, "isku darsamay", laakiin dhammaan calaamadaha ee la soo dhaafay ay joogaan.

Petersburg naqshadaha ka mid ah siddeed meelaha kuwa xukuma:

• Baroque "Peter", bilowgii qarnigii 18aad,
• Baroque "Elizabeth", bartamihii qarnigii 18aad;
• Gothic, qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 18aad;
• classicism, dhammaadkii qarnigii 18aad;
• Ruush Empire, qarnigii 19-kii hore,
• Renaissance, bartamihii qarnigii 19aad;
• dhowba, qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19aad;
• Art lacagta badan, hore qarnigii 20aad;

baroque Butros - a diinta Talyaani iyo Faransiis Baroque. Dhowr style artsy waxaa soo dhaweeyey oo Peter aniga iyo wefdigiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtiga loogu talagalay taas oo ka talinaysay ee Baroque, wuxuu ahaa baaxaa, dagaallo badan oo shaaca khasnadda. Dhismaha dhismayaasha cusub underfinanced, oo waxay lahayd saameyn ku leh tayada. style Baroque ayaa waxaa loogu talagalay oo kaliya on guriyo ah, badatay qaababka ugu muhiimsan ee ka mid ah isbeddellada naqshadda: pediments ah, pilasters la volutes, spiers ee saqafka. gudaha ayaa barbaro ku saleysan Suite ah, waxaa si weyn u yaraynaysaa kharashka dhismaha. Markos Baroque heysatay ee St. Petersburg ka 1703 si ay u 1740, dhimashada boqor ka dib markii in 1725 Activity qandaraas injineero Yurub hoos u dhacay, laakiinse waxay sii waday muddo 15 sano ah oo kale.

Yaa kor uguma carshiga ee 1741 gabadhii Peter waxaan Elizabeth doonayeen inay dhexe awoodda, marka lagu daro, waxay ahayd ma shisheeye si raaxo, quruxda, oo diyaafadaha baydhno iyo kubadaha. naqshadaha ee Firirsanaan reer magaalka inta lagu guda jiro boqortooyada Elizabeth noqday pomposity heli karaa oo pretentiousness, si laftiisa kacay style "baroque Elizabethan". naqshadeeyaha ugu weyn ee wakhtiguna wuxuu ahaa Bartolomeo Rastrelli, yaa abuuray masterpiece ah naqshadaha muhiimada dunida - Palace Winter ah, oo ku yaalla Square Palace, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ee "Hermitage" sida matxaf.

List of naqshadaha, taagay intii lagu jiray boqortooyada Elizabeth baroque ah:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Summer Dvorets Elizavety (1741 - 1744), ma ayaa la sii raagayaan.
• Grand Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringofsky Palace (1747 - 1750), ma ayaa la sii raagayaan.
• Smolny Cathedral, ka dhisay St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• Safrida Palace on butukha Dhexe (1751 - 1754), ma ayaa la sii raagayaan.
• Catherine Palace ee Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospect (1753 - 1754).
• Nicholas-jannayo Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Golaha Shuvalov waddada Talyaani (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Guri nagaadi Yakovleva (1762 - 1766), ma ayaa la sii raagayaan.

Gothic ee St. Petersburg

magaalada on Neva waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu gaar ah oo adduunka ah, taas oo dhaqanka waa sidaas oo kala duwan. naqshadaha Gothic muuqday St. Petersburg ee 1777, waxa uu ahaa Chesma Palace iyo Chesma Church. Sida ay dhacdo in la "baroque Butros", dhismayaasha, kuwaas oo si buuxda u la kulmo style. xubno hawlaha Gothic sida waxyaabaha dibadda - guriyo, meelaha dedan, munaarad badan, spiers sare. Sita qaababka dhismayaasha sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo nidaamka la fududeeyay. Dhab ahaantii, waxa uu ahaa dacayadeed, si kastaba ha ahaatee in qarnigii 19-tiro badan oo ah kaniisadaha iyo dhismayaasha cilmaani ah waxaa la dhisay.

style The naqshadda ee "classicism" ayaa la sameeyey in muddada u dhaxaysa 1760 ilaa sannadda 1780. Petersburg waqtiga ahaa diyaar u ah isbedel. Building, dhisay qaab classical, si fiican u geli muuqaalka magaalooyinka. Waxaa ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu caan yihiin kuwa soo socda:

• "Imperial Academy of Fine Arts", dhisay on Vasilevsky Island ee 1764 -1788 sano.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Gardens ka soo laalaadeen of Hermitage Yar (1764-1775).
• Church Armenian (1771-1776).
• Palace marmar ah (1768-1785)
• Tauride Palace (1783-1789).
• Macdanta Institute of Catherine Empress ah (1806-1808).

Classicism jiray horseed ee booqashada St. Petersburg ee Empire Ruush ah. Isbedelka of jihada uu ka dhacay lama dareemo. Inkasta oo qaab naqshadda ee Empire ahaa in dalabka oo qayb ka ah isbedel deg deg ah ka dhacaya dalka France. Waxaa ka muuqata dhulka la dhigin ee Napoleon, oo waxay noqdeen calaamad u ah nolosha cusub ee Faransiiska. A Ruush Empire classicism, wax ka bedelay. Petersburg naqshadaha ee ay sharciyada u gaar ah. saamayn wayn ku laisla lahaa dhaqanka Faransiis.

Naqshadda Dhismaha & Photography

Dhismaha la deggan yahay iyo sacral, guryo ay dubaan, iyo kaniisadaha, xabsiyada iyo xafiisyada ahaayeen guriga. Qaab dhismeedka kasta oo ay haboon tahay in nolosha dadweynaha waxay ahayd inay u Tilmaamo naqshadda. Qaar ka mid ah guryihii la dhisay si waafaqsan adag la sharraxaadda ee xeerarka dhismaha, naqshadeeyaha ugu badanaa u suurtagashay in ay gaaraan natiijada cajiib ah. Masterpieces farshaxanka naqshadda uu ku dhagreen, maxaa yeelay, photos weli ma jiraan. farshaxanka Photo soo baxday, oo waxay bilaabeen in ay horumariyaan oo kaliya in qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma si degdeg ah ay awoodaan in ay bedeli image ee sawirka. Architecture - had iyo jeer waa sawir halkii qalafsan, iyadoo midabo iyo codadka badan oo caadi ah wax uusan iyaga siin daguerreotype ah, on saxan helo oo kaliya kaalinta guri la contours khiyaano. Iyo fannaaniinta ku sii inaan ka dhaansado.

Laakiin sanadihii la soo maray, hagaagtay sawirka, ka dibna u yimid joogo markii dhisme kasta oo la sameeyo ay suurtagal tahay in la sawiro. Architecture, classic macneeyeen, waa "music qaboojiyay", iyo dad badan oo jeclaan lahaa music kaydiyaa on xasuusta ee foomka of sawirada. Dadka soo rogeen ka dhanka ah asalka ah ee guryahooda ama isku dayaya in ay ka baxaan qaar ka mid ah dhismayaasha u dhow caan ah. Hababka kala duwan ee naqshadaha, taas oo sawiro ku leeyihiin guriga loo arkaa nooc ka mid ah oo wanaagsan, wuxuu noqday caan ah. Oo wakhtigii hore ee sawir, sawiro ugu jiray labada qoys, ama images of dhismayaasha.

Hababka naqshadda dhismaha la tusaalooyin

Tusaalooyinka kala duwan naqshadda ee Hababka, mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay leedahay Tilmaamo gaar ah in sifaha degaanka, xilliga caadiga ah lahaanshaha iyo waqti in oo dhismahan waxaa dhisay.

Dhanka kale, qaabka ugu caansan ee naqshadaha ku siin karaan tusaalooyin la taaban karo:

• Empire - "halka Shaqaalaha Guud" ee Palace Square St. Petersburg ee (1819 - 1829), naqshada Carlo Rossi,
• classicism - "Trinity Cathedral ee Alexander Nevsky keniisad" (1776 - 1790), naqshadeeyaha ugu of jir ah. St. Petersburg,
• Gothic - "Sevastyanov House" (1863 - 1866), qallalka dhise, Ekaterinburg;
• Baroque - "Stroganov Palace" ee St. Petersburg, on Prospect ee Nevsky (1752 - 1754), naqshada Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - Cathedral The "Santa Maria del Fiore" ee Florence (1417 - 1436), naqshada Brunelleschi;
• Lacagta badan - "House of Singer ah" ee St. Petereburge (1902 - 1904), naqshada Suzor.

Tusaalooyinka naqshadaha ka marag furaa in horumarinta noocyo kala duwan oo qarniyo badan.

tusaalooyin asalka ah ee naqshadaha maanta

Maanta, dunida ayaa injineero hal abuur leh oo ku filan oo la naqshado ultramodern ka qabtaan. Mashaariicda kale waa qof kaliya loo adeegayaa, laakiin waxaa jira kuwa la odhan karaa waa asalka ah. Tusaale ahaan, in Japan, Parma guriga on kubadaha. Sida dalka reer Qorraxda oo soo Muuqata waa dhulgariir, ka injineero Japanese bilaabay dejinta guryaha on kubadaha badan oo wax heer sare raagaya sameeyey. Sidaas darteed, inta lagu guda jiro guriga dhulgariirkii kaliya bilaabo inuu isu bedbeddelaan, isbedbedelka ekaan ma aan samayn karo dhibaato kasta oo isaga ku.

Waxaa jira dhismayaasha asalka ah, kuwaas oo natiijada fikrado design hal abuur leh. Magaaladii caanka ah reer Spain ee Barcelona, taasoo unbaa kaalinta koowaad ee dunida in tirada dhismayaasha asalka ah, injineero ayaa abuuray masterpiece kale. Tani waxay guriga, Wajigooda "foorari". Dhismaha taagan on saqafka iyo cidduu doono oo aan caadi ahayn dalxiisayaasha ay.