Erayada Ruush Old iyo macnahooda. Tusaale ahaan erayada qadiimiga ah

erayga Ruush Old luqad casri ah waa wax caadi ah, laakiin mararka qaar u muuqdaan kuwo noo qalaad oo aan la fahmi karin. Jajabkii ka lahjado qadiimiga faafiyey Kievan rus fog, waxaa laga yaabaa in ay matalaan hadalkii oo kale iyo fikradaha in kumanaan sano ka hor, wax yar ka bedeli kartaa qiimaha, iyo la dhalatey karo, qaadashada, fasiraadda casriga cusub.

Old Ruush iyo Old Slavic?

Journey dunida qadiimiga bilaabi karaan erayada caanka ah, kaas oo ilaa maantadan la joogo waxaa laga helaa hadalka casriga ah. Hooyo, guriga, adeerkiis, dhulka, in Yeeyi Cunto, shaqada, armaajo, qoryo, geedkii - eraygii Ruush jir ah. Laakiin guul la mid ah, waxaa loogu yeedhi karo iyo Yukreeniyaan ee qadiimiga ah iyo jir. Ilaa hadda, waa la helay oo ku qoran luqado waa ku dhowaad si la mid ah sida kun oo sano ka hor. erayada Ruush Old iyo macnahooda laga heli karaa taxadiri badan oo suugaanta Slavic. Tusaale ahaan, buugga "The Lay ee Igor" - khasnad dhab ah ururiya erayada qadiimiga ah ee kala duwan.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in aynu ereyga Ruush iyo Common Slavonic kala qaybiyaan, laakiin loo sameeyo ee qodobkan, waxaa suuro gal ma. Waxaan u arki karaan oo keliya horumarinta ereyga qadiimiga ah - ka miraheeda hore ee casriga ah. Iyo gargaarka muuqaal weyn waxbarasho ee horumarinta this waxaa laga yaabaa in erayga jir Ruush "kalluumaysiga".

History of erayga

"Primary Chronicle" ayaa sheegay sheekada sida Vsevolod amiir ee 1071 on dalalka Vyshgorod magaalada "qabsado xoolaha deyal." Waxaa lagu yaqaan eraygiisii, iyo in times of Monomakh. In uu "Tilmaamaha" Prince Vladimir ayaa sheegay in uu "dhawray askartii Huntsman," taas oo ku jira amarka ka mid ah xeryaha, xadhig eey, oo gorgoraduna gacanta iyo rjooga. Ereyga "kalluumaysiga" horeba wuxuu ahaa eraygii caadi ah oo loogu tala galay in ugaadhsan, qabsadaan bahalka.

Later, ee 13-14 qarniyo erayga "kalluumaysiga" ayaa lagu kala kulantay waraaqaha dardaaraneed. sheegaye "qabsado kalluunka", "qabsado oorso yar oo xeeb ku nool" ee liiska sharci. Halkan ereyga "kalluumaysiga" waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida reserve dabiiciga ah, reserve a - goobaha dalka ee lahaanshaha gaarka ah oo leh fursado weyn u ugaarsiga iyo kalluumeysiga. Laakiin in hore iyo macnaha cusub ee "kalluumaysiga" waxaa loola jeedaa ugaarsiga iyadoo la kaashanayo qabashada bahalka ama kalluun. xididka ereyga isku mid.

Modern "kalluumaysiga"

In hadalka maanta ayaa sidoo kale inta badan waa erayga "kalluumaysiga". Kaliya waxay, sida erayga badan oo kale qadiimiga Ruush, loo isticmaalo in a la keenin wax, macnaha kale - waxa la odhan karaa, "cunna kalluumaysiga" ama "kalluumaysiga dayrta ee cod." Laakiin "qabsado yeey" ama "beavers qabsado" annagu ma dhihi marnaba. Si arrintan loo sameeyo in luqadda casriga Ruush yahay erayga ku haboon oo la fahmi karo "ugaarsadaan". Laakiin in erayo adag "kalluumaysiga" meel kasta.

Carruurta iyo farac

Ha noo xusuusataan erayadii "mousetrap The", "hunter", "u dabaan", iyo qaar kale. Ka dib oo dhan - ee Haweenkiinna caruur iyo farac ka mid ah ereyga qadiimiga ah "kalluumaysiga". Qaar ka mid ah "carruurta", "kalluumaysiga" ma noolaan waqtiga iyo waxa ay hadda kaliya ee taariikhda qadiimiga ah helay. Tusaale ahaan, ereyga "lovitva" yimid badan ka dib, "kalluumaysiga", laakiin ma uusan soo shirtagi afka Ruush. Lovitva loo yaqaan ee 15-17 qarniyo oo si ballaaran loo isticmaalo "ugaadhsiga" macnaha. Laakiin wakhtiga Pushkin ee xilli aan la isticmaalo.

Saffarro Abwaan "qabsado" weyn oo "lovitvy" - duugowday, erayada aan Noolayn. Old Ruush "lovitvy" kajirin hadal oo casri ah, laakiin markuu arkay iyagii ayuu kitaabkii duug ah, aad fahmi karto macnaha erayga si fudud.

"Dragon ee ilkaha" iyo "goolhayaha"

erayga Ruush Old la turjumidda waxaa laga heli karaa qaamuusyo badan. Laakiin waxa haddii eraygii jir ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in a, dareen cusub oo casri ah? erayada Old Ruush iyo macnahooda, sida aad ka arki kartaa, isbedelka muddo. Tusaale wanaagsan la filan karaa yaqaan suugaanta jir erayga Ruush "ilkaha masduulaagii" iyo "goolhayaha".

Erayga "ilkaha masduulaagii ee" ayaa lagu yaqaanaa in ay kumanaan eraybixinta military oo dhan-Ruush sano ka hor. The wax-u wada geliyey laamaha qaro weyn oo Guda - caqabad ku mari karin in ay lugta iyo awr ee qadiimiga, iyo wakhtiyadii hore. dhalashada ee qoryaha iyo cannons ka dhigay oo aan loo baahnayn iyo dhismaha, iyo erayadii naftooda. askari oo Ruush Old abuurtay ah hababka cusub oo waxtar u leh difaaca iyo weerarka, iyo "ilkaha masduulaagii ee" lahaa in ay is dhiibaan si duugga ah.

A kun oo sano, bilowgii dagaalkii Great Patriotic, masduulaagii ilkahoodiina dib uga soo dhaafay. Hadda waxay dhisay xoojinta blocks, abuse iyo qashin. naqshado noocan oo kale ah ayaa loogu tala galay in ay joojiyaan ka hor ee taangiyada cadowga iyo carqaladeeyo weerarka ciidamada cadowga. Ka dib markii xijaab dagaal la burburiyey, laakiin hadalka weli. Haddaba waxaa la helay in shuqullo badan oo suugaanta ee ciidamada, in warkii markhaatiyaal indhaha ku arkay, in sheekooyinka iyo tixaha ku saabsan dagaalka.

Back afka casriga ah iyo erayga "goolhayaha." Si kastaba ha ahaatee, uu sheekada ma aha dhawaad sida geesinimada sida in ereyga hore. Goolhaye hore u yeedhay suufiyadoodii iridjoogayaasheedii kuwa is-hoosaysiiya, kuwaas oo iridda furay subaxdii of Macaabidda Yuhuud iyo kuwo macbudyo dhaca, iyaga xiro la qorrax ka cabsi nin ku heyso inay. Goolhaye ayaa gebi ahaanba laga tirtiray nolosheena, laakiin in ay hal dhibic qaarkood. horumarinta isboortiga wadareed, guusha kooxaha our ee xeegada iyo kubada cagta tartamada ayaa keentay in soo bixitaanka of maanta "Goolhaye" - ciyaaraha fudud kuwaas oo irid waa in reer uu kooxda u gaar ah ilaaliyo weerar soo horjeeda ee. Oo haddana Eraygii ma aha oo kaliya baahsan, laakiin sidoo kale on labada garbaha of a "Goolhayaha" shisheeye.

The jir "dayuuradaha"

Maxay idinla tahay, in in times of Peter Great la yaqaan erayga "diyuurad"? Oo aadan ahaan sida wax cirfiid oo duulaya (duulaya rooga), iyo design aad u dhabta ah injineernimada? Waxaa soo baxday in diyaarad kuwa wakhtigaas loogu yeedhay huuriyada is-baasuukayaal, jidaynayey sidato webiga kolonyo dheer oo hub iyo cunto. Later, erayga galay erey ee takhasus sare maray oo waxay bilaabeen inay in la isticmaalo ee ganacsiga jare ah.

sheeko la mid ah ku dhacay erayga "baaskiilka". Waxaa soo baxday waxa loo adeegsaday ee buuxa ee Dr Makumbe Russia - in Muscovy. Tan iyo markaas aan u yeedhay kaalinta kaalinta labaad. magaca qoys ee baaskiilka loo tarjumi karaa "raxan lugood", oo aan "loo leeyahay baaskiil." Sidaa darteed, baaskiilka, iyo diyaarada sidoo kale la sabab wanaagsan loo saarin karaa in jir ah, ayaa sheegay in jir Ruush. Si ka duwan lovitvy, shuruudahan soo maray qaar ka mid ah qiimaha ay noqoto la xiriira hadalka casriga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si buuxda u beddelo fasirkiisa.

jajab ee la soo dhaafay

taxadiri cajiib ah isticmaalka qadiimiga bilaabay, qaab daran oo ku filan, badan oo ka mid ah lahjadaha casriga ah. erayada Drevnerusskie, tusaalayaal taas oo aan helay foomka bilowga ah, ku bulaalay go'an, gobolka jirayaa. Tusaale ahaan, waa erayadii oo dhan caan ah sida "shar", "nasiib wacan." Ma aha wax adag in la fahmo, iyo taagayo of fikradaha kuwan - "out of kasta", "random". Waxa ay muddo dheer ahayd qayb ka cad oo sahlan hadalka.

Waxaa jira erayo kale ka dhigay on mabda'a isku mid ah. Tusaale ahaan, "degdegin". "Qotonta", "Askew." Laakiin "qotonta", "Bekrenev" ama "si dhaqso" - waa erayada huriye. Old Ruush, bilowga ah ee qiimaha ay - lexicographers madax-xanuun iyo Shaqaalaha.

natiijooyinka

Sida aad arki karto, erayada Ruush qadiimiga ah iyo macnahooda hadhay beer ballaaran cilmi. Qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah fahmi karaan. Haddaba, shirka in buugaagta qadiimiga ah ee erayga "vevelyay", "vedentsy" ama "isku dhibin," waxaan si ammaan ah ka raadin kartaa qaamuusyo qiimaha. Laakiin kuwa badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa weli ku sugayeen in la sahamiyey. Kaliya shaqada u cabbudhinayo erayadii qadiimiga sharxi doonaa qiimaha iyo kobciyo luqada casriga Ruush.