Autecology - waa sayniska?

Laga soo bilaabo waqtiga marka ee 1866 nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Jarmalka Ernst Haeckel , maaddada xiriirka ka dhexeeya shaqeeyo iyo deegaanka, aqoonta ee arimahan ayaa la ballaariyey la taaban karo (1834-1919) soo bandhigay fikradda ah eray-cilmiyeed of ecology sida sayniska. Soo baxday sida laan madax bannaan aqoon qarnigii XX ah, si tartiib ah in ay horumarinta takhasuso kala duwan iyo qoondaynta of tilmaamaha deegaanka si gaar ah u yimid.

Xaaladdan oo kale, fikirka ah ecology classical, ay qayb weyn - deegaanka noolaha - lumay ee kala duwan oo ka mid ah magacyada iyo shuruudaha, keenaya jahwareer. Si nidaaminta aqoonta caadiga ah in ay isku dayaan si ay u bilaabaan qaybta waxbarashada dhexgalka mid u shaqeeyo iyadoo deegaanka (autecology). Waa sax in la eego qoondaynta saddex isbeddellada waaweyn ee sayniska, daraasadda of biosphere sida a oo dhan, dadka qofka iyo, ugu dambeyntii, noocyada gaarka ah.

muuqaalka guud ee fikradaha ah

Ecology sida sayniska ku saabsan isdhexgalka ee u shaqeeyo iyo deegaanka ayaa muddo dheer u qaybsan laamo badan oo madax banaan. Qaar ka mid ah la sameeyey ee kulanka aqoon kale. Waxaa la go'doonsan ay kooxahaasi sida: ecology wax ku ool ah iyo bulshada, xisaabta, iyo kuwa kale ee ad-ecology. qayb A dhaqanka ee magaca waa wax caadi ah oo waa laan ka mid ah bayoolaji.

Taa baddalkeeda, jawiga dhabta ah ee waxbarasho ee uu ku xiran saldhig ahaan qaadashada noocyada kala duwan ee kala soocidda:

• on mabda'a ah ee dhexgalka ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay ee hay'adaha noolaha (autecology, synecology, ecology dadka, eydekologiya);
• Systematics unugyada Qorxeey mabda'a (ecology dhirta, xayawaanka, fangaska iyo wixii la mid ah);
• ku saleysan degaanka (ecology jidhadhka dhulka, badda).

mowduuca ee qodobkan - waa qaybaha deegaanka: autecology, synecology, ecology iyo dadka eydekologiya.

The salaysan heerka deegaanka

Autecology - cluster ah nidaamo deegaanka, kaas oo daraasaad dhexgalka la deegaanka ah noocyo ka mid ah noolaha wakiil. Erayga la aasaasay ka autos Greek - ". Naftayda" Ereyga soo bandhigay in 1896 by botanist ka Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Tusaale ahaan, kabaha ciliates ku nool deegaan gaar ah. Maxaa dhacaya marka badala iyo sida ay u saamayn doonto shaqeeyo nool? Habka ugu weyn ee waxbarashada, taas oo uu isticmaalaa autecology - waa tijaabo sheybaar. Tusaale ahaan, saamaynta ay ku qayilo deegaanka infusorian ah? Oo waa maxay qiyamka soohdinta reer ashitada ma waxyeelayn hawlaha muhiimka ah ee u shaqeeyo?

Autecology sahaminta xadka qiimaha deegaanka ee qiimaynta raadka ay ku leeyihiin hawlaha caadiga ah ee qabka nool. On xogta kuwaas waxaa ku salaysan yahay nidaamka oo dhan ugu badnaan la ogolaan karo uruureen walxaha go'aaminta jiritaanka cuntada. Sayidka, autecology - waxaa aasaas u ah heerka deegaanka jira codsatay in lagu calaamadiyey oo casri ah.

Waxaa jira badbaadada tiro

ecology Dadweynaha (ka goodhiyaha Greek - "dadka") - sare heerka abaabulka kutlada nidaamo deegaanka. shayga waxbarasho ee qaybtan waa dadka of noolaha sida koox dhqaalaha, ka jira jawi siiyey. Waxaa la og yahay in dadkuba ku nool aadan ku nooleyn ee go'doomin. Waxay si dhow la xiriira midba midka kale, in noolaha kale iyo deegaanka.

Waxaa marka la eego waxbarashada, xiriirka kooxda dhexdeeda iyo tirada dadka ee isbedel mid noocyada ku lug ecology dadweynaha. Sidaa darteed, aragtida ah heerarka ugu badnaan la ogolaan karo iyo heerarka deegaanka waa in la tixgeliyaa in lala "autecology - ecology dadka". sayniska Information la dhamaystiro mid database kale, iyo qeybsanaan.

View - unit dhismaha ah ee horumar

Maanta, our aqoonta sida si ay u sameeyaan mid ka mid ah habka nolosha caalamka si loo ballaariyo aqoonta genetics, Kiimikada noole, biophysics iyo cilmiga kale ee labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Macluumaadka dheeraadka ah aan helno, ayaa in ka badan oo isku darsamay waxa uu noqonayaa mid aad u fikradda ah noocyada koox ka mid ah noolaha oo la mid ah in tiro ka mid ah calaamadaha (ka morphological si genetic) ay awoodaan in ay soo saari dhala u gaar ah, iyo dadka ku nool meel gaar ah sida. Sidaa darteed, waxaa jiray arrin cluster yar oo Sciences - eydekologiya (ka eidos Greek - "image" ama "view"). Waxa uu sii horumarinta iyo isku uruursadaan saldhig cilmi.

Ecology bulshada

Synecology (dembiga Greek ka - "wada") - cluster ah Sciences, oo tixgelinaysaa gabi ahaanna ee dadka ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan iyo taxa nidaamsan oo kala duwan. In ay is dhexgalka leh kasta oo kale iyo jawiga deegaanka. Synecology aad ugu dhow in ay ugu ad-ecology iyo ecology ku biocenoses. Tani waa kutlada in uu leeyahay tirada ugu badan ee isgoysyada la aadamaha ku xiga. Waa qayb ka mid ah ecology ee tamarta sida qaybta dhismaha waa.

Ka fiirsaneysa sayniska dhaqanka waxaa inta badan lagu qeexay shuruudaha noolaha noolaha iyo kooxaha dabiici ah in ay sameeyaan ee dabiiciga ah, waxaan u timid inaad fahamto xidhiidhka udhaxeeya wax kasta oo nool iyo hababka awood u ah sida in la burburiyo xidhiidhada kuwaas oo xajiya. wacyi Deegaanka ee dareenka ballaaran, laga soo bilaabo yaraantooda uwareegay, waxay kordhisaa fursada badbaadada aadanaha iyo ilaalinta ee biosphere ee caalamka ee nooca casriga ah oo joogto ah.